Distribution of Pre-Cenozoic strata and petroleum prospecting directions in China Seas
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摘要: 经过60年的油气调查与勘探，随着中国近海新生代盆地的勘探程度不断提高，油气发现难度逐渐加大，海洋油气勘探新领域的开拓成为当务之急。近年来的调查与勘探发现，中国海域前新生代盆地残留地层具有如下特征：① 厚度大，一般为4000～6000 m，最大厚度超过9000 m；② 分布广，有渤海、北黄海、南黄海、东海-南海北部和南海南部5大分布区；③ 存在新元古界、下古生界、上古生界、中生界“下部层系”、中生界“中部层系”和中生界“上部层系”6套地层；④ 可划分东海-南海型和渤海-黄海型两类层型结构，前者仅由“单一”的中生代地层组成，后者由新元古界-古生界-中生界“叠合”构成；⑤ 发育下寒武统、下志留统、石炭系、二叠系、侏罗系和白垩系6套烃源岩，其中下寒武统、下志留统和二叠系烃源岩有机质丰度高，侏罗系烃源岩分布最广；⑥ 具有孔隙型、裂缝改造型和风化壳型3类储层，其中，孔隙型储层包括白云岩、礁滩相碳酸盐岩和砂岩储层，裂缝型储层与大型断裂带和挤压构造带伴生，风化壳储层可分前寒武系变质岩和混合花岗岩、古生代碳酸盐岩、中生代火山岩以及花岗岩、中生代碎屑岩4亚类，其物性及分布主要受构造作用、风化淋滤作用和埋藏条件3种因素控制；⑦ 具备“古生古储”、“古生中储”、“古生新储”、“中生中储”、“中生新储”和“上生下储”6类成藏组合。综合分析认为：中国海域前新生界油气前景广阔，南黄海海相中-古生界、东海南部-南海北部海域中生界、新生代富生烃凹陷内的潜山是中国海洋油气下一步勘查方向；北黄海盆地坳陷区的中生界和渤海海域的前新生界“自生自储”油气藏值得重视。Abstract: After 60 years of oil and gas investigation and exploration, the exploration degree of Cenozoic basins and the difficulty of oil and gas discovery in offshore China has increased, and the development of new fields for offshore oil and gas exploration has become an urgent task. Surveys and explorations in recent years have found that characteristics of the residual strata in the Pre-Cenozoic basins in offshore China could be summarized as follows: ① Huge thickness. The thickness of the Pre-Cenozoic varies in the range of 4000～6000 m with a maximum over 9000 m; ② Wide distribution. Pre-Cenozoic Strata are found in five major areas, i.e. the Bohai Sea, the North Yellow Sea, the South Yellow Sea, the East China Sea–the northern South China Sea and the southern South China Sea from north to south; ③ Six sets of strata, which include the Neoproterozoic, the Lower Paleozoic, the Upper Paleozoic, the Lower Mesozoic, the Middle Mesozoic, and the Upper Mesozoic; ④ Two types of stratigraphic architectures, i.e. the type of East China Sea-South China Sea composed only by the Mesozoic, and the type of Bohai-Yellow Sea superimposed by the Neoproterozoic, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic; ⑤ Six sets of source rocks, which include the Lower Cambrian, the Lower Silurian, the Carboniferous, the Permian, the Jurassic, and the Cretaceous source rocks, among which the Lower Cambrian, the Lower Silurian, and the Permian source rocks have the highest organic matter content, and the Jurassic source rocks distribute the most widely; ⑥ Three kinds of reservoirs, namely the porous reservoirs, the fracture-modified reservoirs, and the weathering crust reservoirs. The porous reservoirs mainly consist of dolomite, reef-bank carbonate, and sandstone, and the fracture-modified reservoirs are often associated with large fault zones and/or compressive structural zones, and the weathering crust reservoirs can be further divided into four sub-types: Precambrian metamorphic rocks and magmatic granite, Paleozoic carbonate rocks, Mesozoic volcanic rocks and granite, and Mesozoic clastic rocks. The physical properties and distribution of reservoirs are mainly controlled by tectonics, weathering and leaching process, and burial conditions; ⑦ Six types of plays from the Paleozoic source to the Paleozoic reservoir, from the Paleozoic source to the Mesozoic reservoir, from the Paleozoic source to the Cenozoic reservoir, from the Mesozoic source to the Mesozoic reservoir, from the Mesozoic source to the Cenozoic reservoir, and from the Cenozoic source to the Pre-Cenozoic reservoirs. In conclusion, the Pre-Cenozoic petroleum has great potential and broad prospects in China Seas. Next exploration targets should be focused on the marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic in the South Yellow Sea, the Mesozoic-Cenozoic in the southern East China Sea and the northern South China Sea, and the buried hills in Cenozoic hydrocarbon-rich depressions. The Mesozoic in the North Yellow Sea and the self-generating source to self-storing reservoirs in the Pre-Cenozoic of the Bohai Sea should be paid attention.
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Keywords:
- China Seas /
- Pre-Cenozoic /
- stratigraphic distribution /
- petroleum prospecting
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深海铁锰结核生长速率慢、赋存时间长，能有效记录海域内长周期重大地质事件和环境信息，且富含Cu、Co、Ni、Mn、Mo、稀土元素及钇（REY）等有用组分，可为人类社会发展提供重要的金属矿产资源[1-3]。铁锰结核一般由环绕内核的同心薄圈层逐次包裹而成，外层主要为铁的羟基氧化物和锰氧化物，含有少量的碎屑矿物，内核则可能是岩石、固结的沉积物、生物骨骼、自生矿物、年龄较老的结核以及这些物质的碎块等[1,3]。外层铁锰相物质在形成过程中会大量吸附周边海水或孔隙水内的金属物质，并通过氧化还原反应将这些物质固定在结核铁锰相纹层内，从而富集成矿[1-2]。
铁锰结核在全球各大洋、边缘海甚至湖泊中均有出露，但具有资源潜力的结核主要分布在水深约4 000～6 500 m的深海盆内[1]。太平洋是目前全球铁锰结核分布站位最多、赋存规模最大的大洋，目前已知的最具开发利用前景的5个铁锰结核成矿区，除一个位于中印度洋海盆内，其余CCZ（克拉里昂−克里伯顿断裂带）、CI（库克群岛海域及彭林海盆）、PB（秘鲁海盆）以及我国北京先驱高技术开发公司2019年获批的面积约7.4×104 km2的勘探矿区都位于太平洋内[2-4]。作为西太平洋最大的弧后盆地，前人20世纪初就曾在帕里西维拉海盆中央和西部海域内的拖网样品中发现过铁锰结核[5]，后续海洋调查航次利用无缆抓斗、拖网、箱式取样器以及重力柱取样器在海盆及周边海域内发现了多处结核[6-14]，甚至深海钻探计划（DSDP）也在海盆西侧水深4 712 m的449站位岩心表层发现了铁锰结核样品[15]，但海盆西侧边缘与帕劳海脊相邻区域内的铁锰结核还鲜有发现（图1）。
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最近，中国地质调查局青岛海洋地质研究所组织的海洋环境地质调查航次在帕里西维拉海盆西缘中段靠近帕劳海脊的海域内首次采集到12个站位的铁锰结核样品，丰富了海盆内铁锰结核的分布信息。通过对这些样品的测试分析，揭示它们的成分特征，剖析成因类型和金属富集模式，并与全球主要铁锰结核成矿区内的样品进行比较研究，以探究这些不同海域内结核主要有用组分间的差异及关键控制因素。
1. 地质背景
帕里西维拉海盆是西太平洋最大的弧后盆地，北部以索夫干断裂带为界[16-17]，南部延伸到雅浦岛弧和马里亚纳岛弧，东西两侧分别为耸立于海底的帕劳海脊和西马里亚纳弧。帕里西维拉海盆初始形成于原伊豆−小笠原−马里亚纳弧在距今约30～29 Ma发生的近东西向弧后扩张，在约20～19 Ma 时扩张方向转变为北东—南西向，距今约15 Ma大规模扩张停止[17-19]。此后，海盆扩张中心处还发生过局部岩浆事件[20-21]，可能会对海盆内各区域接受稳定沉积造成不同程度的影响。
帕里西维拉海盆西缘中段区域从西向东倾斜变深，水深约4 000～5 500 m，坡脚普遍发育早期张裂作用阶段形成的谷地，导致海底地形起伏多变[22]。区域内DSDP59航次449孔111 m的沉积物岩心显示，沉积序列从顶到底可分为5层[15]。最上层40.9 m的沉积物为中中新世到更新世的黑褐色—黄褐色远洋黏土。其下第2层为6.6 m的中中新世含火山玻璃和浮岩的黑黄褐色放射虫软泥。第3层为11.0 m的中中新世黄褐色—黑褐色富放射虫的远洋黏土和黄色—黄褐色含放射虫和浮岩的微体古生物软泥。第4层为38.7 m的早—中中新世黑黄褐色含火山灰远洋黏土。最下层为13.8 m已经部分成岩的晚渐新世—早中新世微体古生物软泥，其下覆拉斑玄武岩。帕里西维拉海盆内分布着沿逆时针方向流动，可携带大量物质的底层流，原位测量流速可达10～15 cm/s，且在海盆西部边缘本研究区内的长周期监测数据也证实了该底层流的存在[23]。区域内的底层流受到南下的北太平洋深层水的影响，同时也通过雅浦海沟等深水道与北上的南极底层流进行交换[23-24]。
2. 样品与方法
本文研究的铁锰结核样品位置信息见图1。这12个站位铁锰结核分布在帕里西维拉海盆西侧边缘中段海域内，离帕劳海脊最近的站位水深最浅，为3 947 m，远离海脊的站位水深较深，最大水深值为5 146 m，平均水深4 757 m。这些分布在沉积物表层的铁锰结核样品表面普遍较为光滑，铁锰相纹层厚薄不一，内核部位以硅酸盐相物质为主。结核样品多见椭球状、连生状等形态，大小不一，多数位于3～6 cm的中等大小范围内[25]。
铁锰结核全样样品的化学成分测试分析工作在自然资源部海洋地质实验检测中心完成。将样品进一步干燥磨碎至200目（约0.075 mm）后，加入45Li2B4O7+10LiBO2+5LiF混合熔剂，充分混合后在1 070 ℃条件下高温熔融。然后将熔融物倒入95%Pt+5%Au的合金坩埚模子制备玻璃样片，再用Axios PW4400 X射线荧光光谱仪分析Si、Al、Fe、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P、Mn、Ti这10种元素的含量。此外，将200目粉末样品加入NaOH溶液，置于已升温至700 ℃的高温炉中熔融10 min，取出冷却后，用水提取，形成氢氧化物沉淀，加三乙醇胺掩蔽Fe、Al，加EDTA溶液络合Ca、Ba，过滤。将氢氧化物沉淀溶于2 mol/dm盐酸，经强酸性阳离子交换树脂分离富集后，再用5 mol/dm盐酸洗涤，将淋洗液蒸发、定容后采用Thermo X Series 2等离子体质谱仪测定Co、Ni、Cu、Mo和REY等微量元素的含量。为了监控测试准确度和精密度，检测过程参考了国标《GB/T20260—2006海底沉积物化学分析方法》[26]，并分别进行20%的重复样分析以及基体性质一致的国家一级标准物质同步分析，分析元素含量检测相对误差小于5%，分析结果准确可靠。
根据离子半径的差异，本文借鉴文献[27]的分类方法将铁锰结核内的REY分为轻稀土（LREY：La-Nd）、中稀土（MREY：Sm-Dy）和重稀土（HREY：Y-Ho-Lu）3类。利用PAAS（后太古界澳大利亚页岩）数据来完成稀土元素的标准化处理[28]，Ce和Y异常特征的计算见公式（1）和（2）。在本文中，将Ce/Ce* 和Y/Y*＜0.9定义为负异常，0.9～1.1定义为无异常，＞1.1定义为正异常。
$$\frac{{{\rm{Ce}}}}{{{\rm{C}}{{\rm{e}}^{\rm{*}}}}} = \frac{{2{\rm{*C}}{{\rm{e}}_{{\rm{SN}}}}}}{{\left( {{\rm{L}}{{\rm{a}}_{{\rm{SN}}}} + {\rm{P}}{{\rm{r}}_{{\rm{SN}}}}} \right)}}$$ (1) $$\frac{{\rm{Y}}}{{{{\rm{Y}}^{\rm{*}}}}} = \frac{{2{\rm{*}}{{\rm{Y}}_{{\rm{SN}}}}}}{{\left( {{\rm{D}}{{\rm{Y}}_{{\rm{SN}}}} + {\rm{H}}{{\rm{o}}_{{\rm{SN}}}}} \right)}}$$ (2) 式中，CeSN、YSN等表示用样品的Ce、Y含量除以PAAS的Ce、Y含量得出的值。
3. 结果
3.1 主量元素组成
本研究区内铁锰结核的主量元素成分变化较大。铁锰结核中丰度最大的金属元素是Mn和Fe，它们在本区样品中的含量为8.20%～25.24%和10.63%～22.18%，平均值为18.53%和15.72%，Mn/Fe为0.73～2.24，平均值为1.18。Si和Al的含量次之，分别为5.89%～16.19%和2.96%～6.56%，平均值为9.21%和4.79%。本区水深较深，大部分站位位于碳酸盐补偿深度以下[29-30]，所以铁锰结核中Ca的含量较低，为1.24%～2.93%，平均值2.04%。其余K、Na、Mg等碱金属和碱土金属的含量也较低，为0.81%～2.02%、2.07%～3.63%和1.46%～2.75%，平均值分别为1.27%、2.98%和2.04%。此外，本区样品内还赋存有相当数量的Ti和P，含量分别为0.45%～1.88%和0.12%～0.32%，平均值为1.15%和0.22%。
3.2 微量元素组成
Cu、Co、Ni是铁锰结核中最具经济潜力的有用组分，它们在本区样品中的含量分别为（756～3 058）×10−6、（617～2 739）×10−6和（1 142～5 411）×10−6，平均值为1 781×10−6、1 180×10−6和3 255×10−6。REY也是铁锰结核中重要的伴生有益组分，但轻、中、重3类REY的含量迥异。ΣLREY含量相对较高，为（324～1 505）×10−6、平均值为889×10−6。ΣMREY和ΣHREY的含量较低，分别为（40～167）×10−6和（50～209）×10−6，平均值为105×10−6和141×10−6。ΣREY的含量为（415～1 850）×10−6，平均值为1 135×10−6。REY标准化配分模式中Ce和Y的异常程度明显，Ce/Ce*为1.42～2.07，平均值为1.77，属于明显正异常。Y/Y*为0.57～0.70，平均值为0.62，展示出明显负异常的分布特征。此外，本区铁锰结核样品内还含有相当数量的Mo，其含量为（115.0～308.1）×10−6，平均值为212.8×10−6。
4. 讨论
4.1 成因类型辨析
深海铁锰结核的形成生长通常主要源自水生成因作用和成岩成因作用，此外，诸如海底热液活动以及微生物活动等也可能给结核贡献一定量的组分[1,3]。目前学术界已经建立了多种方法来划分铁锰结核的成因类型，早期主要使用Fe、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu等高含量金属元素的组合来绘制三角图以进行辨析[31-33]。近期的统计研究发现，水成型结核一般具有Ce正异常、Y负异常以及高Nd含量（＞100×10−6）的特征，而成岩型结核的Ce和Y通常都为负异常，Nd的含量为（10～100）×10−6，热液型结核则更多地呈现出Ce负异常，Y正异常，Nd含量低于10×10−6的特征[34]。基于此，使用Ce、Nd、Y、Ho等低含量REY绘制散点图，能更高效准确地将多种结核的成因类型区分开[34-35]。
本文铁锰结核样品的REY标准化配分模式见图2，成因类型划分见图3。从图中可以看出，本区内铁锰结核样品的Ce和Y均分别展示出强正异常和强负异常的分布特征，Nd的含量较高，符合水生成因的各项指标参数，表明区内的结核样品主要是由水生作用形成的，缺乏成岩成因组分和热液成因组分的供给。这些铁锰结核样品的REY标准化配分模式与海水具有明显的镜像对称特征，这是因为+3价REY的分布代表着海水中溶解性REY络合物（大部分为碳酸盐络合物）与赋存在铁锰羟基氧化物表面的REY络合物之间的交换平衡，且这种平衡在短时间内就能实现[36-37]，从而也表明本区铁锰结核样品内的REY主要来自海水。此外，本研究区在形成后并未遭受大规模海底热液来源物质的持续输入，铁锰结核样品的Mn/Fe均低于2.3，缺乏沉积物孔隙水内高含量Mn的供给，未能展示出成岩型铁锰结核内Mn、Fe之间强烈分异的典型特征，因此，完全符合水成型铁锰结核通常Mn/Fe≤5的特征[38-39]。
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图 2 铁锰结核REY的PAAS标准化配分模式为便于显示，将海水的REY值扩大106倍；PAAS的稀土元素含量引自文献[28]。海水的REY含量数据选择与本研究区邻近且水深层位相近的海水的值，其中REE数据引自文献[40]，采样区域为本研究区东面的西太平洋，水深5 660 m；Y数据引自文献[41]，采样区域为西南太平洋东加罗林海盆，水深5 149 m。Figure 2. Shale normalized rare earth elements and yttrium contents of the ferromanganese nodules from the research aeraTo facilitate the display in the diagram, the REY contents of the seawater are expanded by 106 times; PAAS data is from the reference [28]. The REY data of the seawater is from the reference [40], the sampling area with the water depth of 5 660 m is in the western Pacific Ocean close the study area, which is similar to the distribution depth of the samples in this paper. Y data of the seawater is from the reference [41], and the sampling area is in the east Caroline Basin of the southwest Pacific Ocean, with the water depth of 5 149 m.![]()
4.2 金属富集模式
4.2.1 贱金属富集模式
通常认为深海铁锰结核中的胶体态铁锰羟基氧化物会首先直接从水体中沉淀出来，然后带负电荷的MnO2胶体主要对水体中的溶解态阳离子进行吸附，而带微弱正电荷的无定形FeOOH则更多地吸附诸如碳酸盐、氢氧化物和含氧阴离子等阴离子和中性络合物[2-3,42]。这些无定形或胶体态的铁锰羟基氧化物具有非常高的活性比表面积，因此对周边水体中的溶解态物质的清扫效率极高，溶解在海水中的含金属物质在进入锰氧化物和铁的羟基氧化物体内前先与其功能基团进行表面络合反应[1]。锰氧化物和铁的羟基氧化物对水体内各金属的捕获能力可以部分通过表1中各元素含量间皮尔逊相关系数值的高低来得以检验。
表 1 铁锰结核内主量元素及主要有用组分间的相关系数矩阵Table 1. Pearson correlation coefficient matrix for major and valuable metal elements contained in the studied ferromanganese nodulesAl Ca Fe K Mg Mn Na Si Ti P Co Cu Mo Ca 0.01 Fe −0.12 0.91 K 0.57 −0.42 −0.54 Mg −0.24 −0.77 −0.61 0.22 Mn −0.78 0.17 0.30 −0.50 0.33 Na 0.27 −0.32 −0.38 0.69 0.52 −0.01 Si 0.60 −0.59 −0.71 0.67 0.05 −0.85 0.13 Ti −0.10 0.85 0.88 −0.56 −0.60 0.23 −0.25 −0.68 P −0.29 0.85 0.91 −0.64 −0.48 0.43 −0.29 −0.83 0.92 Co −0.51 −0.17 −0.09 −0.38 0.19 0.19 0.00 −0.25 0.25 0.25 Cu −0.61 −0.49 −0.35 −0.21 0.79 0.67 0.21 −0.33 −0.38 −0.14 0.32 Mo −0.55 0.23 0.27 −0.58 0.26 0.89 −0.06 −0.80 0.27 0.41 0.12 0.60 Ni −0.53 −0.28 −0.17 −0.48 0.62 0.58 0.01 −0.44 −0.06 0.12 0.53 0.84 0.66 主要有用组分Cu、Ni具有相似的富集模式，它们与Mn均具有较好的协同变化关系，而与Fe、Si、Al呈现强弱不一的负相关关系，表明Cu、Ni主要被锰氧化物所吸附而富集，在硅酸盐相内核中相对亏损。Co与Cu、Ni不同，它与Mn、Fe、Si、Al等主量元素的相关性均不佳，暗示Co可能分散赋存在铁锰羟基氧化物纹层以及硅酸盐相内核等结核的内外部位中。前人研究显示，Co主要富集在锰氧化物内[1-3,43]，而本文样品Co元素出现分散分布的特征，可能是因为锰氧化物中的Co相对于铁的羟基氧化物或结核的硅酸盐内核部位不具有明显富集优势，使得Co与Mn之间并未展示出较好的相关性，这也可从本文结核样品较低的Co含量特征得以部分印证。高场强元素Ti与Fe的相关系数值高达0.88，远高于Ti与Mn、Si、Al的值，表明本区铁锰结核样品中高含量的Ti主要富集在铁的羟基氧化物内，海水中不带电荷的溶解态Ti(OH)40易与带弱电荷的铁的羟基氧化物通过共价键结合在一起，且铁的羟基氧化物表面高效的络合反应有利于Ti的稳定富集，此外含Ti相颗粒物质在结核表面的沉淀堆积也为Ti的富集有所贡献[1-2]。Mo与Cu、Ni类似，它与Mn和Si分别呈现出强正相关关系和强负相关关系，而与Fe、Al等其他主量元素的相关性较差，表明本文结核中的Mo主要被锰氧化物所清扫，这与EXAFS（X射线吸收精细结构）和Mo同位素的研究结果相一致[44-45]。此外，不管是从富集因素还是结构分析（例如EXAFS和XANES（X射线近边精细结构））的角度来看，都没有迹象表明Mo在进入锰氧化物载体相的过程中经历过表面氧化反应，这是因为Mo通常以最高价态（Mo6+）赋存在海水和铁锰结核内，它们进入铁锰结核的机制是表面络合或晶格融合，而非氧化还原反应[1]。而Cu、Ni、Co、Ti等有用组分在初始进入铁锰结核内时一般主要受共价键的控制，随着时间的推移则会有部分物质转变为受强化学键的控制，从而导致这些物质进入氧化物的晶格内，就如同在对水成型结核内的Ni所进行的X射线吸收光谱实验中看到的一样[46]。
4.2.2 REY富集模式
本区铁锰结核样品REY的PAAS标准化配分模式十分一致（图2），12个站位样品均展示出明显的Ce正异常和Y负异常的分布特征。Ce除了具有稀土元素常见的+3价态外，还可以呈现出+4价态。因此，在氧化性环境下，铁锰结核捕获了Ce3+后，容易将其部分氧化成+4价态，Ce4+会以CeO2等难溶解形式堆积在结核表面而不再具有活性，几乎不参与铁锰结核与海水的REY交换反应，且铁锰结核还可以从海水中直接捕获Ce4+物质，而其他REY则不具备此类特征[47-49]。因此，随着时间的推移，对周边水体中Ce的这种氧化性清扫会导致作为氧化还原敏感示踪剂的Ce相对于非氧化还原敏感示踪剂的其他REY的日益富集，从而使得Ce的正异常程度逐步增大。与之相反，Y呈现出负异常则是因为铁锰结核从周边水体中吸附的Y在其体内存在形式不稳定，容易发生解吸而相对于其他REY呈现出亏损的特征[48,50]。
铁锰结核内REY与主量元素间的相关系数值见表2。从表中可以看出，REY内各元素与主量元素间展示出极为相似的协同变化特征，暗示了铁锰结核内的REY具有相对一致的地球化学特征和迁移富集模式。ΣREY与Fe、Ca、P、Ti具有强正相关关系，R≥0.92，与其他元素相关性较差或呈明显负相关关系，由此表明REY主要富集在铁的羟基氧化物内，而非锰氧化物或硅酸盐相内核中。本区内分布的铁锰结核主要为水成型，其铁的羟基氧化物对周边水体内以碳酸盐络合物等形式存在的REY的强力清扫是REY与Fe呈现强正相关关系的主要原因[2-3]。本文研究的铁锰结核样品分布水深较深，结核内的Ca主要不以碳酸盐形式存在，而可能部分以生物成因的磷灰石等钙磷酸盐碎屑组分以及自生成因钙磷酸盐等形式存在[27,51]，而后者往往就主要赋存在铁的羟基氧化物内。研究表明，深海沉积物或铁锰结核中的钙磷酸盐通常含量不高，但却能容纳大量的REY[1,27,51]。铁锰结核在漫长的生长过程中，体内的+1价元素（如Na+等）和REY3+会与离子半径相似的Ca2+发生耦合置换反应，从而在钙磷酸盐体内保存大量的晶格态REY，使得Ca、P与REY之间存在极佳的相关关系[27,51]。此外，铁锰结核中可能存在的重结晶作用还会释放出部分REY[48]，使得这些REY在漫长的地质作用过程中遭受不同程度的迁移活化，从而共同导致铁锰结核内REY含量存在不同分布以及与Fe、Ca、P等元素的相关关系发生变化。铁的羟基氧化物对Ti的富集吸附，使得REY与Ti存在伴生关系而呈现出良好的相关性。
表 2 铁锰结核内REY与主量元素间的相关系数矩阵Table 2. Pearson correlation coefficient matrix for REY and major elements contained in the studied ferromanganese nodulesAl Ca Fe K Mg Mn Na P Si Ti La −0.15 0.92 0.93 −0.63 −0.66 0.29 −0.36 0.95 −0.73 0.97 Ce −0.14 0.89 0.92 −0.58 −0.68 0.22 −0.35 0.93 −0.67 0.98 Pr −0.13 0.92 0.93 −0.63 −0.68 0.25 −0.39 0.95 −0.70 0.96 Nd −0.12 0.92 0.94 −0.62 −0.67 0.27 −0.37 0.95 −0.71 0.96 Sm −0.08 0.94 0.95 −0.60 −0.68 0.25 −0.38 0.95 −0.70 0.94 Eu −0.12 0.92 0.94 −0.62 −0.63 0.28 −0.34 0.96 −0.73 0.96 Gd −0.10 0.94 0.96 −0.60 −0.67 0.28 −0.36 0.95 −0.72 0.95 Tb −0.09 0.94 0.95 −0.60 −0.65 0.29 −0.36 0.95 −0.72 0.94 Dy −0.09 0.93 0.93 −0.61 −0.62 0.31 −0.33 0.95 −0.74 0.94 Y 0.00 0.94 0.91 −0.55 −0.66 0.26 −0.32 0.91 −0.69 0.90 Ho −0.07 0.94 0.94 −0.58 −0.63 0.32 −0.32 0.93 −0.74 0.92 Er −0.09 0.94 0.93 −0.59 −0.62 0.34 −0.32 0.93 −0.75 0.92 Tm −0.11 0.93 0.92 −0.61 −0.58 0.36 −0.30 0.95 −0.77 0.93 Yb −0.09 0.93 0.92 −0.60 −0.59 0.36 −0.30 0.94 −0.76 0.92 Lu −0.11 0.92 0.91 −0.62 −0.57 0.36 −0.30 0.94 −0.77 0.93 ΣREY −0.13 0.92 0.94 −0.60 −0.68 0.25 −0.35 0.95 −0.70 0.98 4.3 与全球主要成矿区内结核成分的差异和原因
通过与CCZ、CIOB、PB和CI等全球主要铁锰结核成矿区内样品成分的比较研究（图4），发现帕里西维拉海盆西缘中段铁锰结核样品的Co平均含量位居第3，高于PB，和CIOB相当，明显低于CCZ和CI，而Ni和Cu的平均含量则均为最低。Co+Ni+Cu的平均值仅为0.62%，远低于CCZ（2.58%）、CIOB（2.25%）和PB（1.95%），也逊色于CI（0.98%）。Mn的平均含量（18.5%）比PB（34.2%）、CCZ（28.4%）和CIOB（24.4%）低，仅略高于CI（16.9%），而Mo的平均含量（213×10−6）极低，仅分别是CIOB、CCZ、PB和CI的35.5%、36.1%、38.9%和72.2%。本区铁锰结核缺乏成岩成因组分的供给，使得样品内Ni、Cu、Mn、Mo等过渡金属的含量极低[1-3]。但本区铁锰结核样品的Ti含量较高（1.15%），其平均值分别是CIOB（0.42%）、CCZ（0.32%）和PB（0.16%）的2.7、3.6和7.2倍，接近以Ti含量高而闻名的CI（1.28%）。此外，本区样品的ΣREY平均含量（1 135×10−6）也较高，仅比CI低（1 678×10−6），高于CIOB（1 039×10−6）、CCZ（813×10−6）和PB（403×10−6）。本区铁锰结核样品内Ti和ΣREY的较高含量与其主要为水生成因密不可分[1-3]。
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图 4 本文研究区与全球主要成矿区内铁锰结核的主要有用组分平均含量对比CCZ、CIOB、PB和CI铁锰结核样品的成分数据引自文献[2]。Figure 4. Mean contents of the valuable metals in the ferromanganese nodules from the research aera and the high potential areas of the global oceanThe contents of the valuable metals in the ferromanganese nodules from the CCZ, CIOB, PB and CI are from the reference [2].制约深海铁锰结核主要成矿元素富集的因素很多，包括赋存区域构造运动停止时间、陆源物质影响程度、沉积速率、结核成核和成矿物质供给、水深地形条件、底层流活动以及（微）生物作用等[52-53]。帕里西维拉海盆西缘中段海域远离陆地，沉积速率较低[54]，铁锰结核分布水深大部分位于本区碳酸盐补偿深度附近及以深区域[29-30]，这有利于避免结核在形成过程中陆源碎屑和钙质碳酸盐物质大量混入稀释，而造成有用组分含量的急剧降低。但包括研究区在内的帕里西维拉海盆形成年代较晚，留给铁锰结核缓慢生长发育的时间不足，海盆东、西、南三面被高耸的岛弧包围，缺乏与外界连通的大型水道，阻碍了诸如来自南极的低温、富氧、高密度底层流的大规模进入，这既不利于形成强氧化性的有利成矿环境和给铁锰结核提供丰富的成矿物质，也不利于冲刷沉积物，使得结核保持与周边水体的充分接触从而吸附足够的有用组分[1, 55-56]。此外，研究区内的铁锰结核主要为水生成因，高生长速率的成岩成因组分的贡献太低，降低了结核内Cu、Ni、Mn、Mo等有用组分的含量[1-3]。以上这些因素的共同作用，使得帕里西维拉海盆西侧边缘中段海域内的铁锰结核呈现出当前发现站位较多，但有用组分含量较低的分布和成分特征。但是，由于我们对广袤的帕里西维拉海盆及其周边海域的调查和认识程度尚不充分，海域内是否存在具有类似于CCZ等具有重要经济价值的铁锰结核富集区，仍需要后续研究工作的深入开展来加以探索和确认。此外，这些工作的持续开展也将进一步深化对制约海底铁锰结核富集成矿因素的认知，以更好地服务于人类深海矿产资源的勘探和开发事业。
5. 结论
本文对帕里西维拉海盆西侧边缘中段海域水深3 947～5 146 m范围内新发现的12个站位铁锰结核样品进行了地球化学特征分析，发现相比于CCZ、CIOB、PB和CI等全球主要成矿区内的铁锰结核，本研究区内样品的Cu、Ni、Mo、Mn等主要有用组分的含量较低，Co的含量中等，Ti和ΣREY的含量较高。这些铁锰结核样品主要为水成型，缺乏成岩成因组分的大量供给，致使Mn和主要富集在锰氧化物内的Cu、Ni、Mo呈现出低含量的分布特征。Co相对分散地分布在结核铁锰相物质以及硅酸盐相内核中。Ti含量较高是铁的羟基氧化物从海水中强烈吸附含钛物质后发生高效的表面络合反应而富集的缘故，ΣREY含量较高则是铁的羟基氧化直接吸附以及体内的REY与钙磷酸盐发生耦合置换反应而滞留富集共同作用的结果。本文所有站位结核样品REY的标准化配分模式十分一致，均显示出明显的Ce正异常和Y负异常的分布特征。铁锰结核从海水中捕获的Ce3+容易氧化成难溶且不具有活性的Ce4+，使得Ce呈现出相对于其他REY的逐步富集，而Y呈现出负异常则是因为它在铁锰结核内的存在形式不稳定，容易发生解吸亏损。
帕里西维拉海盆西侧边缘中段海域内存在逆时针方向循环的底层流，且远离陆地，水深较深，沉积速率较低，避免了陆源碎屑或钙质生物等的大规模稀释。但包括研究区在内的海盆整体形成年代较晚，铁锰结核生长发育的时间较短。海盆周边地形较高，缺乏与外界连通的水道，阻碍了诸如来自南极的富氧底层流的大规模进入，不利于研究区内铁锰结核的富集成矿。此外，区域内铁锰结核成岩成因组分的供给太低，降低了结核内Cu、Ni、Mn、Mo等主要有用组分的含量。以上诸多因素也许会使得帕里西维拉海盆西部边缘中段海域内分布的铁锰结核的大规模成矿前景变的黯淡。
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图 3 东海-南海型前新生代地层层序
Figure 3. Pre-Cenozoic stratigraphic sequence of the East Sea-South Sea type
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图 4 渤海海域石炭系—二叠系残留厚度
Figure 4. Residual thickness of the Carboniferous system -Permian system in the Bohai Sea area
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图 5 南黄海海域震旦系—下三叠统残留厚度
Figure 5. Residual thickness of the Sinian system – the Lower Triassic system in the South Yellow Sea Area
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表 1 中国海域前新生代地层及最大厚度
Table 1 Distribution of Pre-Cenozoic strata in China Seas (strata type and maxmum thickness）
m 地层层序 渤海 黄海 东海-南海北部 南海南部 北黄海 南黄海 东海 台湾海峡 台西南 南海北部 巴拉望 礼乐 中生界 上部层系 3000 4000* 3000 3500* ＞1082 3000* 3500* 3000* 4000* 中部层系 1000 2000 ＞2195 4500* 缺失 600 5300* 缺失 缺失 下部层系 1200 1500 3000* ？ ？ ？ ？ ？ ？ 古生界 上古生界 1400 ＞2000 4500* ？ 缺失 缺失 缺失 ？ ？ 下古生界 ＞310 ＞472 4500* ？ 缺失 缺失 缺失 缺失 缺失 元古界 新元古界 不详 ＞931 1200* 缺失 缺失 缺失 缺失 缺失 缺失 叠合面积 67616 km2 43279 km2 183917 km2 419433 km2 608921 km2 层型结构 “叠合型”（新元古界-古生界-中生界） “单一型”（中生界） 注：表中*为地震资料解释最大厚度；？表示情况不明。 
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表 2 下扬子区下寒武统幕府山组烃源岩厚度及有机质丰度
Table 2 Statistical table of thickness and total organic abundance of source rocks in the Lower Cambrian Mufushan Formation in the lower Yangtze region
序号 井号 厚度/m TOC/% 最小 最大 平均 1 苏东121井 368 0.55 4.84 3 2 皖2井 465 0.57 10 3.6 3 官地1井 442 0.51 47.7 9.82
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表 3 中国海域潜山油气藏生储盖组合特征
Table 3 Characteristics of source rock, reservoir and cap rocks assemblages of buried hill reservoirs in China Seas
潜山油气藏 构造 地层时代 烃源岩（层位） 储层岩性 盖层（层位） 蓬莱9-1 庙西北凸起 中生界 沙河街组及东营组 二长花岗岩 馆陶组 锦州25-1S 辽西北凸起 太古界 沙河街组及东营组 二长片麻岩、斜长片麻岩 沙河街组及东营组 曹妃甸11-6 沙垒田凸起 太古界 东营组 混合化黑云母花岗岩 馆陶组 曹妃甸18-2 沙垒田凸起 太古界 东营组 二长花岗岩 馆陶组 渤中26-2 渤海凸起 太古界 沙河街组及东营组 英云闪长岩、花岗闪长岩 东营组及明化镇组 锦州20-2 辽西低凸起 太古界 沙河街组及东营组 混合岩、碎屑岩 沙河街组及东营组 渤中19-6 渤中凹陷 太古界 沙河街组 变质岩 沙河街组与东营组 渤中13-2 渤中凹陷 太古界 沙河街组及东营组 花岗片麻岩 中生界 渤中28-1 渤南凸起 古生界奥陶系 沙河街组 碳酸盐岩 沙河街组 岐口17-9 岐口凹陷 中生界 海沟房组、沙河街组 碎屑岩 沙河街组 428W、428E 石臼坨凸起 古生界 沙河街组及东营组 花岗岩 东营组 曹妃甸2-1 沙垒田凸起 古生界 沙河街组 碳酸盐岩 沙河街组 涠6-1、涠10-3N等 涠西南凹陷 古生界 流沙港组 碳酸盐岩 流沙港组 惠州26-6 惠州凹陷 中生界 文昌组、恩平组 花岗岩 文昌组、珠海组 永乐8-1 松南低凸起 中生界 始新统、渐新统崖城组 花岗岩 中新统
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