Progress in marine oil and gas survey in Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology over the past 45 Years
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摘要:
石油和天然气资源是重要的能源矿产和战略性资源，海洋蕴含着丰富的油气资源，青岛海洋地质研究所（简称青岛所）自1979年重建始，便开启了海域油气资源调查、研究与评价工作的序幕。45年来，青岛所持续开展了海域及邻区含油气盆地对比、黄东海新区新层系油气资源调查评价、中国海域和海丝路海域油气勘探开发形势分析，并于2019和2021年开展了2个航次的北印度洋重点海域联合地质科学考查。本文回顾了45年以来青岛所海域油气调查与研究历史，梳理了取得的主要进展，重点介绍了海域新区新层系油气资源调查技术、东部海域新区新层系油气地质新认识、印度扇近海盆地的科学考查发现与认识、海域油气资源勘探开发总体形势与战略性方向，梳理了面临的主要挑战，同时展望了油气调查主要领域和方向，这对进一步摸清海域油气资源家底、服务海域油气矿政管理和国家能源资源安全保障具有重要意义。
Abstract:Oil and natural gas resources are important energy minerals and strategic resources. The ocean contains abundant oil and gas resources. Since its reconstruction in 1979, the Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology (the Qingdao Institute in short) has begun the investigation, research, and evaluation of marine oil and gas resources. Over the past 45 years, the Qingdao Institute has been continuing to carry out the studies in the correlation of oil and gas bearing basins in the sea area and adjacent areas, the investigation and evaluation of oil and gas resources in new area and new strata in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, the analysis of oil and gas exploration and development situation in China's sea area and the Sea Silk Road sea area, and the joint geological and scientific survey of key marine areas in the North Indian Ocean. This article reviews the 45-year history of oil and gas exploration and research in the sea area by the Qingdao Institute, summarizes the main achievement, and focuses on introducing the investigation techniques for oil and gas resources in the new areas and new strata, the new geological understanding of oil and gas in the new areas and new strata of the eastern sea area, the scientific research findings and understanding of the Indus Fan basin, the exploration and development situation, and strategic direction of oil and gas resources in the sea area; and puts forward the main challenges faced. At the same time, it looks forward to the main fields and directions of future oil and gas investigation, which is of great significance for further understanding of the wealth of oil and gas resources in the sea area, serving the management of oil and gas mining in the sea area, and ensuring national energy security.
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海水悬浮体（SPM）主要由非生物（矿物）和生物（浮游植物、碎屑、部分浮游细菌、孢子）颗粒构成[1]。在海洋环境中，SPM不仅是陆架和洋盆沉积的主要物质来源，同时也作为主要的反应物质或催化剂参与生物地球化学过程[1]。海水中SPM含量受水动力条件、物理化学过程、生物过程等控制，是进行海洋沉积过程、物质循环研究的可靠材料[2-3]。
北冰洋拥有巨大的河水径流流量[4]，河流将风化产生的颗粒和溶解物质转移到海洋[5]，使得大量SPM汇入北冰洋。前人对北冰洋陆架区域的SPM进行了大量的研究，取得了丰硕的成果。在楚科奇海南部SPM以硅藻为主，其分布受到经白令海峡西侧流入的富营养盐的阿纳德尔流影响[6]，反映出SPM中颗粒组分的分布与河流、洋流有着密切的联系。在喀拉海中部和西部的SPM浓度最低，鄂毕河和叶尼塞河河口SPM浓度最高，且鄂毕河口SPM浓度高于叶尼塞河，大多数侵蚀物质被困在20 km的近岸海域，SPM主要向东传播[7]。无冰期的拉普捷夫海SPM浓度分别由南至北、由东至西减小[8]，而且汇入的三条河流中SPM的Sr浓度分布差别很大[9]。
本文以2019年中俄北极联合考察（AMK78航次）期间所获取的喀拉海、拉普捷夫海、东西伯利亚海表层海水SPM为素材，开展了SPM的浓度、颗粒组成、岩石磁学研究，通过分析SPM在空间上的分布差异探讨其在各海域的分布规律，并围绕洋流、径流、海岸侵蚀等多种因素对海域表层海水SPM分布特征的影响，探究SPM分布的控制因素。该研究成果对该海域现代沉积过程具有重要意义。
1. 区域概况
喀拉海、拉普捷夫海、东西伯利亚海是位于俄罗斯北部的北冰洋边缘海（图1a），分布在西伯利亚大陆架上。喀拉海接收了整个欧亚北极地区约50%的河流径流，大部分流量由鄂毕河（Ob）和叶尼塞河（Yenisei）贡献[7]，两者流量表现出强烈的季节和年际变化。在6月观察到两条河流最大的排放速率，大约有45%～65%的年淡水径流和80%的年SPM被释放[10]。拉普捷夫海被5个向北和西北方向的海底通道切割，是保持北冰洋淡水和冰态平衡的关键区域[11]。勒那河（Lena）流入拉普捷夫海东部，春季的淡水和河流泥沙输入最高[8]。东西伯利亚海具有世界上最宽阔的大陆架，海底冻土广泛发育。流入东西伯利亚海最大的两条河流是因迪吉尔卡河（Indigirka）和科雷马河（Kolyma）。汇入拉普捷夫海的勒那河虽没有直接注入东西伯利亚海，但由于其巨大的径流量与输沙量，在西伯利亚沿岸流的影响下，可以向东西伯利亚海西部供应沉积物[12]。
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巴伦支海分流（Barents Sea Branch，BSB）由北大西洋水经淡水输入、海冰融化和净降水等过程改造而来[13]，一部分沿海岸进入新地岛以南的喀拉海，另一部分沿新地岛北部向东与西斯匹次卑尔根洋流在喀拉海北部合并[14-15]（图1a）。西伯利亚沿岸流（Siberian Coastal Current，SCC）发源于东西伯利亚海西部，受到风力和浮力的驱动，向东通过德米特里拉普捷夫海峡（图1a）。拉普捷夫海海水与勒那河河水交汇流入德米特里拉普捷夫海峡，与东西伯利亚海的因迪吉尔卡河、科雷马河河水合并沿陆架向东穿过朗格海峡流至楚科奇海[16]。
2. 材料
中俄北极联合考察AMK78航次于2019年在喀拉海、拉普捷夫海、东西伯利亚海的海区共进行了50个站位的悬浮体调查。采样站位分别为P1—P46站位以及6489、6495、6498、6500站位（图1b）。各站位表层海水样品由船上表层海水温室气体实时分析的采水系统采集。水样选用提前称量至恒重的直径47 mm、孔径0.45 µm的Millipore醋酸纤维滤膜进行抽滤，过滤后的滤膜放置在−20 ℃的环境中保存。由于P38站位在采集时见大量暗色碎屑，可能为管路堵塞后的沉渣，不能表示该站位SPM的特征，故本研究中将该站位样品予以剔除。
3. 研究方法
3.1 浓度计算
为了测量SPM质量浓度，在过滤前后分别使用Sartorius电子天平（精度为0.01 mg）称量冷冻干燥后的滤膜。海水中SPM浓度（ρ，单位mg/L）：
$$ \rho=\frac{M_{\rm p}-M_{\rm s}}{V} $$ 式中Mp为滤后膜重的平均值（mg）；Ms为滤前膜重的平均值（mg）；V为过滤水样的体积（L）。
3.2 扫描电镜实验
为了观察SPM的形貌特征，在自然资源部第三海洋研究所使用FEI Quanta 450型环境扫描电镜（scanning electron microscope，SEM）对滤膜上SPM的形态特征进行图像扫描。
3.3 磁学实验
磁学实验在中国地质大学（北京）古地磁与环境磁学实验室及中国地震局岩石磁学实验室完成。将空白滤膜和带有SPM的滤膜置于已完成磁化率测试的8 cm3无磁性的塑料方盒中。用MFK1-FA卡帕桥磁化率仪分别进行低频（976 Hz）磁化率与高频（15616 Hz）磁化率测试，扣除样品盒体积磁化率以及空白滤膜体积磁化率后，分别获得SPM的低频体积磁化率（κlf）与高频体积磁化率（κhf）。对体积磁化率进行质量浓度归一化后获得低频和高频质量磁化率（χlf和χhf），并计算获得SPM的频率磁化率百分比（χfd%=(χlf–χhf)/χlf×100%）。使用配套有CS-3温度控制系统的KLY-4S卡帕桥磁化率仪测定SPM磁化率随温度变化（κ-T）曲线，温度变化为–195 ℃至室温，升温速度为5 ℃/min。
SPM样品的天然剩磁（natural remanent magnetization，NRM）在磁屏蔽室（＜300 nT）内用755-4K低温超导磁力仪测量获得。使用MicroMag 3900变梯度振动磁力仪测试SPM的磁滞回线（Loop）、等温剩磁（isothermal remanent magnetization，IRM）获得曲线及反向场退磁曲线，最大外加磁场为1 T。从Loop测试数据中读取样品矫顽力（coercivity，Bc）、饱和磁化强度（saturation magnetization，Ms）以及饱和剩余磁化强度（saturation remanent magnetization，Mrs）参数。剩磁矫顽力（coercivity of remanence，Bcr）参数从反向场退磁曲线中读取。
4. 结果
4.1 SPM含量分布
AMK78航次各站位表层海水SPM浓度为0.18～32.25 mg/L（图2）。浓度高值主要分布在两个区域，分别是位于新西伯利亚群岛与西伯利亚大陆之间的德米特里拉普捷夫海峡和位于喀拉海的叶尼塞河和鄂毕河河口。其中在德米特里拉普捷夫海峡SPM浓度自西向东逐渐增加，在其东部的P15站位达到最高值32.25 mg/L。从拉普捷夫海勒那河三角洲向大陆架北部延伸SPM浓度逐渐降低，直到P31站位达到最低值0.22 mg/L。新西伯利亚群岛以北、泰梅尔半岛以西、亚马尔半岛以西SPM浓度均为低值。
4.2 SPM颗粒组分特征
对不同区域采集的悬浮体滤膜进行扫描电镜分析发现，SPM由陆源碎屑颗粒和硅质生物碎屑（硅藻和鞭毛藻）（图3）组成。在远离岸线的海域，如P1和P10站位，滤膜上的SPM零散分布，硅质生物碎屑在SPM中的占比高（图3a—d）。在近岸和海峡海域，SPM含量高，完全覆盖滤膜，SPM中硅质生物碎屑的占比相对较低，SPM以陆源碎屑颗粒为主。以位于德米特里拉普捷夫海峡东侧的P15站位为例，其SPM多为不同粒径的片状矿物，硅质生物碎屑含量极少（图3e）。位于叶尼塞河河口北侧的P39站位，其SPM也以陆源碎屑颗粒为主，硅质生物碎屑含量少于15%（图3f、g）。位于鄂毕河口北侧的P42站位，仍以陆源碎屑矿物为主，但硅藻含量较叶尼塞河口外侧多（图3h、i）。
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图 3 典型SPM颗粒组分扫描电镜照片a、 b. P1站位，c、 d. P10站位，e. P15站位，f、 g. P39站位，h、i. P42站位。Figure 3. The SEM images of representative SPM compositions in sites P1(a, b), P10 (c, d), P15 (e), P39 (f, g), and P42 (h, i)4.3 SPM磁学特征
4.3.1 SPM岩石磁学特征
磁化率随温度变化曲线可以根据磁性矿物特有的相变温度来鉴别磁性矿物类型[19]。本文对悬浮体进行了低温κ-T测试（图4），结果显示从−192℃开始温度上升磁化率值急剧下降，在−150℃左右出现一个高值，之后磁化率值保持稳定。在−150～−149℃（120～124 K）时，磁铁矿晶体结构中电子热能减小使得铁离子被冻结在各自的位置上，导致整个晶体不再对称，变为单斜结构，这个温度点称为Verwey转换温度（Tv）[20]。低温κ-T测试表明样品中存在磁铁矿。
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图 4 P17站位低温κ-T曲线蓝色线：磁化率随温度变化曲线，橙色线：求导曲线。Figure 4. Low temperature κ-T curve at site P17Blue line: magnetic susceptibility curve with temperature, Orange line: derivative curve.Loop形态及其相关的磁滞参数可以用来判别样品磁性矿物颗粒的类型和粒径大小[21]。图5显示，顺磁矫正前样品显示了顺磁性矿物（图5中P17、P42站位）和抗磁性矿物（图5中P5、P33站位）的不同影响，其中抗磁性主要受醋酸纤维材质滤膜的影响。顺磁矫正后的Loop形态基本一致，在400 mT时曲线均趋于闭合，整体呈现为中间宽而两头窄的“粗腰型”形态。样品的Bcr在34～43 mT范围内，表明样品中磁性矿物矫顽力较低，存在单畴的磁铁矿。
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图 5 SPM代表性样品Loop曲线蓝色线：顺磁矫正前，粉色线：顺磁矫正后。Figure 5. Loop curves of representative samples of SPMBlue line: before paramagnetic correction, pink line: after paramagnetic correction.Day图可以指示磁性矿物的磁畴状态[22]。将获得的磁滞参数Mrs/Ms、Bcr/Bc两组比值投到Day图上[23-24]，结果表明表层海水SPM中磁性矿物的磁畴状态为单畴（single domain，SD）、多畴（multidomain，MD）混合（图6）。
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图 6 磁性矿物Day图SD：单畴，MD：多畴，SP：超顺磁，PSD：假单畴。Figure 6. The Day plot of magnetic mineralsSD: single domain, MD: multidomain,SP: superparamagnetic, PSD: pseudo-single domain.4.3.2 SPM磁学参数空间分布特征
磁化率的大小主要取决于磁性矿物含量的多少[25]。表层海水SPM的χlf值为−4.21×10−6～4.87×10−6 m3/kg（图7）。磁化率高值区域位于泰梅尔半岛以西，其中P41站位磁化率最高，为4.87×10−6 m3/kg。磁化率低值区域位于勒那河三角洲和新西伯利亚群岛以东，拉普捷夫海大部分海域及亚马尔半岛以西悬浮体磁化率值介于中间。SPM磁化率的空间分布反映了从喀拉海到拉普捷夫海再到东西伯利亚海悬浮体中磁性矿物含量呈减少趋势。频率磁化率反映从单畴到超顺磁磁铁矿的存在，指示样品中较细磁性矿物的含量[26]。表层海水SPM的χfd%值为（–3.25×106～2.47×105）%（图8），位于德米特里拉普捷夫海峡的P19站位值最低，位于拉普捷夫海大陆架边缘的P30站位次之，整体分布均匀，说明超顺磁矿物含量变化不明显。
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图 7 SPM磁化率空间分布特征Figure 7. Spatial distribution characteristics of SPM magnetic susceptibility![]()
图 8 SPM频率磁化率空间分布特征Figure 8. Spatial distribution characteristics of SPM frequency magnetic susceptibilityNRM的数值反映了样品中亚铁磁性矿物的含量。表层悬浮体的NRM为4.60×10−6～1.32×10−3 A/m（图9），最高值在P26站位，位于拉普捷夫海中部，位于鄂毕河口的P41站位次之，最低值在更靠近河口的P42站位，更靠近河口。在其他海域NRM数值均较低。表示亚铁磁性矿物主要集中于拉普捷夫海中部。
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图 9 SPM天然剩磁空间分布特征Figure 9. Spatial distribution characteristics of SPM natural remanence5. 讨论
5.1 喀拉海SPM分布特征
喀拉海SPM含量在河口区域较高，磁性矿物含量较多，磁性矿物粒径较细。在鄂毕河河口的P41站位SPM含量最高，亚铁磁性矿物含量最多，SPM中以陆源碎屑颗粒为主。P41站位相较于叶尼塞河河口的P39站位硅藻含量多，可能是由于P39站位距离河口较远，营养盐较少导致生物碎屑少。而距离鄂毕河河口较近的P42站位SPM含量低于P41站位，亚铁磁性矿物含量最低，推测该处河流流速较快，河水径流将陆源物质继续向海水里输送。喀拉海东部和西部海域陆源输入较少，SPM含量普遍较少。
5.2 拉普捷夫海SPM分布特征
拉普捷夫海SPM含量普遍低，亚铁磁性矿物在中部聚集，磁性矿物粒径较细，但在外陆架P31站位甲烷渗漏区粒径较粗。SPM含量从勒那河河口向中部海域逐渐降低，亚铁磁性矿物集中在中部海域的P26站位，北部海域含量最低。北部海域的SPM中硅质生物碎屑占比较高，与其离岸远有关。沿勒那河河口向东部海域SPM含量逐渐升高，磁性矿物含量降低，磁性矿物粒径逐渐变粗。
5.3 东西伯利亚海西部SPM分布特征
东西伯利亚海西部的SPM含量，最高值位于德米特里拉普捷夫海峡的东部P15站位，SPM以陆源碎屑颗粒为主，硅质生物碎屑的占比极低，磁性矿物含量在海峡附近较高，粒径较粗。在其他海域，SPM含量相对较低，磁性矿物含量相对较少，粒径相对较粗，P10站位由于距离海岸远SPM中硅质碎屑占比较高。
5.4 河水径流对SPM分布的影响
喀拉海SPM含量在河口区域P41站位较高，这是由于在河口河流流速降低，淡水与盐水混合（盐度2～10），细颗粒SPM在絮凝作用下发生快速积累（沉淀），大多数河流SPM被困在河口[10]。叶尼塞河的SPM来自于普托拉纳地块广泛分布的三叠纪高原玄武岩和凝灰岩沉积物；而鄂毕河的SPM来源于西伯利亚低地，相比于叶尼塞河，磁化率值非常低[10]。但由于叶尼塞河口的P39站位和P40站位距离河口较远，SPM困在河口较近的区域，与海水混合后SPM含量较P41站位低。随着与河口距离的增加，SPM中陆源碎屑颗粒也随之减少，而河口丰富的营养盐会使得站位中的生物碎屑相对较多。
晚全新世以来，勒那河三角洲逐渐突出河口向东偏转[27]，勒那河河口向东至德米特里拉普捷夫海峡SPM含量逐渐增加，但勒那河河口外侧SPM含量整体较低。德米特里拉普捷夫海峡SPM磁性矿物的粒径较粗，反映出德米特里拉普捷夫海峡及其东侧的高浓度SPM是海岸侵蚀作用形成的，而非来自勒那河搬运入海的颗粒物。
5.5 洋流对SPM分布的影响
受BSB影响，维利基茨基海峡西部SPM磁性矿物的含量与BSB方向一致，随洋流运移呈现出不断递减的趋势。由于海峡全年浮冰覆盖，自西向东的BSB表层洋流流速变缓，SPM在此聚集导致含量较高，亚铁磁性矿物含量较多。
从勒那河河口向东至德米特里拉普捷夫海峡SPM含量逐渐增加，磁性矿物粒径也较粗，是由于该处受到了强烈的SCC对海岸的侵蚀。
6. 结论
（1）SPM中组分主要来自陆源碎屑及硅质浮游生物。SPM含量由南向北逐渐递减，由陆向海扩散。陆源碎屑集中分布在近岸和河流入海口附近海域，离海岸和河口较远海域SPM中硅质生物碎屑的占比升高。
（2）SPM中磁性矿物为单畴、多畴磁铁矿，磁性矿物与流域内岩石类型有关，通过河流输送至海洋中。
（3）SPM分布受控于河水径流、沿岸流等因素，河口处浓度高、磁性矿物多，磁性矿物集中在表层流流速缓慢的区域，粒径普遍较细，主要受到SCC的影响。粒径较粗的磁性矿物分布在沿岸地区，可能与海岸侵蚀有关。
致谢：感谢2019年中俄北极联合考察的全体科考队员。
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图 1 南黄海海相中—古生界地震层序及地质属性标定图
据参考文献[39]修改。S1—S7为海相中—古生界地震层序，T2相当于新近系底界，B1—B3为三套典型地震反射标志层组.
Figure 1. Paleozoic-Mesozoic seismic sequence and geological attributes correlation in the South Yellow Sea
Modified from reference [39]. S1 to S7 are the seismic sequences of marine Paleozoic-Mesozoic. T2 is the bottom boundary of Neogene. The B1 to B3 are the three typical seismic marker layers.
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图 2 南黄海重磁震联合反演剖面
Figure 2. Joint inversion profile by gravity, magnetic, and seismic data in the South Yellow Sea
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图 3 南黄海崂山隆起古生界“多源多期”成藏模式
Figure 3. The Paleozoic "multi-source multi-stage" accumulation model in the Laoshan Uplift of the South Yellow Sea
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图 5 东海盆地南部中生代构造单元[87]
Figure 5. Mesozoic tectonic units in the southern part of the East China Sea Basin
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图 6 东海盆地南部地震解释剖面[87]
Figure 6. Seismic interpretation profile of the southern part of the East China Sea Basin
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图 10 重力滑动构造剖面
上图为挤压区，下图为过渡区和伸展区。
Figure 10. Profile of gravity sliding structure
The compression zone (upper panel) and transition zone and extension zone (lower panel).
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