Regional evaluation of oil and gas resources in offshore China and exploration of marine Paleo-Mesozoic oil and gas in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea
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摘要: 2019年是青岛海洋地质研究所重建40周年。40年来,研究所根据公益性油气资源调查的基本定位,按照“立足黄东海、面向中国海、辐射全球海”的空间业务布局,紧密围绕国家和社会重大需求、瞄准国际海洋科技前沿,以摸清中国海域油气资源家底、掌握资源分布状况、实现新区新层系油气突破、服务国家能源战略和海洋强国战略为己任,持续开展了中国海域油气资源区域评价与黄东海盆地油气资源调查,大体分为海域及邻区沉积盆地对比研究、中国海域区域评价战略研究和黄东海海域新区新层系油气资源调查3个阶段。先后主持编制了中国海域沉积盆地分布图和油气资源勘探开发(动态)形势图,开展了海域及邻区含油气盆地对比、中国海域油气勘探开发形势动态分析和油气资源区域评价战略研究、黄东海海域油气资源调查研究与评价,取得了一批原创性的成果。主要体现在:①海域油气资源早期评价技术和沉积盆地深部地震探测技术取得突破性进展;②中国海域油气资源丰富,下一步的调查与勘探方向包括:新层系、近海天然气、富生烃凹陷潜山油气藏、南海深水油气、南海生物礁和非常规天然气;③明确了南黄海盆地的基底性质、海相盆地地层层序和构造区划、侏罗纪前陆盆地特征、海相盆地的油气地质条件和有利区带;④明确了东海中生代盆地的地层层序、盆地结构和两期盆地性质、“大东海”中生代地层分布特征、中生界油气地质条件和有利区带;⑤发现了南黄海古生界古油藏。上述成果和认识为海洋油气资源调查与勘探的下一步工作奠定了坚实的基础。Abstract: 40 years have passed since the reestablishment of the Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology in 1979. In the past 40 years, following the basic objective to carry out public oil and gas surveys in China seas and global waters with the Yellow Sea and East China Sea as major targets so as to meet the increasing demand of energy resources of the nation and society, the institute has devoted a lot to the studies on hydrocarbon resource generation and distribution patterns in China seas, upon the international frontiers of marine science and technology. A great number of breakthroughs have been achieved, such as the discovery of new oil and gas horizons and districts. Under the guidance of national energy strategy and the task to make China a strong marine power, the Institute has persisted in regional evaluation of oil and gas resources in China seas, in particular in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. The research can be roughly subdivided into three stages: the first stage focusing on comparison of offshore and neibouring basins; the second stage focusing on the study of regional evaluation strategies of China seas and the third stage focusing on new horizons and new districts in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. A map series on distribution of sedimentary basins in China seas and a set of dynamic situation map of oil and gas exploration and development in China Sea were compared and published successively. During the period, following achievements are necessary to be mentioned: (1) Breakthroughs in early stage oil and gas evaluation technology and the deep seismic detection technology for offshore sedimentary basins; (2) Resource assessment in China seas. Data proves that China is rich in marine oil and gas. And the next cycle of survey and exploration should be placed in the new horizons, such as gas offshore, buried hills oil and gas resources in the hydrocarbon-rich sags, oil and gas in deepwaters, organic reefs in the South China Sea and unconventional gas; (3) Further understandings of basic geology, such as, basement properties, marine stratigraphic sequences, tectonic division, characteristics of Jurassic foreland basins, marine basin hydrocarbon geologic conditions and favorable zones in the South Yellow Sea basins; (4) Solution of some specific geological problems related to oil and gas accumulation. Such as, Mesozoic stratigraphic sequences, two-stage basin architecture, basin properties, Mesozoic stratigraphic distribution patterns and the discovery of " Great East China Sea”, Mesozoic hydrocarbon geologic conditions and favorable zones in the East China Sea; (5) Discovery of Paleozoic reservoirs. These achievements and discoveries have laid a solid foundation for the future oil and gas geological survey and exploration in China seas.
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东海陆架盆地位于欧亚、太平洋和印度三大板块交汇处,构造演化历史复杂,具有多期次、多类型的构造演化特征[1],是一个中、新生代的非继承性的叠合盆地,面积约46×104 km2,沉积厚度达10 000 m以上。区域上新生代表现为NNE向隆、凹相间的特征,东海陆架盆地南部新生代盆地由6个二级构造单元组成[2-5],从西到东到南分别为:瓯江凹陷、雁荡低凸起、闽江凹陷、台北低凸起、基隆凹陷和观音凸起(图1)。近年来,随着对中生代油气勘探新领域新层系的重视、地震资料采集和处理技术的不断提高以及海陆中生代地层对比研究的不断深入,东海中生代地层和构造单元属性展现出与新生代明显不同的特征[6-12]。地震资料综合解释认为,瓯江凹陷与其东侧的闽江凹陷在中生代地层、构造、沉积、火山岩等方面存在较大差异,而与西侧的浙闽隆起在大地构造背景、白垩纪沉积建造等方面具有较多的相似性。由于不同的构造单元具有不同的油气富集规律,因此,厘清瓯江凹陷构造单元属性具有重要的理论和实际意义。为此,本文通过地震剖面解释、平衡剖面分析、海陆对比等研究手段,探讨东海陆架盆地瓯江凹陷中生代构造单元的属性。
图 1 东海陆架盆地南部新生代构造区划图(据文献[2])(由西到东到南构造单元为:瓯江凹陷、雁荡低凸起、闽江凹陷、台北低凸起、基隆凹陷及观音凸起)Figure 1. Cenozoic tectonic map of southern East China Sea Shelf Basin(after reference [2])(Note: The tectonic units from west to east and south are: Minjiang Sag, Yandang Low Uplift, Qujiang Sag, Taipei Low Uplift, Jilong Sag and Guanyin Uplift)1. 箕状断陷的瓯江凹陷
1.1 地震剖面特征
瓯江凹陷位于东海陆架盆地南部西侧,总体上为NE—SW向展布,西邻浙闽隆起,东接雁荡低凸起,面积约3.5×104 km2,发育南北2个次凹,为明显的“东断西超”断陷盆地,从北到南中海油称之为椒江凹陷和丽水凹陷,中石化上海分公司称之为钱塘凹陷和瓯江凹陷,本文统称为瓯江凹陷。从穿越东海陆架盆地南部所有构造单元的地震测线CX01和CX02线来看[10](图2,图3),瓯江凹陷断陷结构特征明显,主要发育白垩纪地层,沉积中心位于断陷东部,厚达3 000~4 000 m,平均厚度500~1 000 m[13]。从图2和图3来看,瓯江凹陷东侧的闽江凹陷除了发育有白垩纪地层以外,还有厚度较大的侏罗纪地层。构造上呈向东倾斜的单斜,中生界向东加厚,沉积中心位于基隆凹陷。
根据东海陆架盆地南部地震反射特征和钻井(FZ13-2-1和FZ10-1-1井)揭示的沉积特征,建立了东海陆架盆地南部中生界地震相解释模板(图4),并开展了地震相—沉积相解释。解释结果显示,瓯江凹陷中生界地震反射特征为变振幅较连续—断续的楔状相和充填相,以冲积扇相沉积为主;东部的闽江凹陷和基隆凹陷中生界反射特征主要为中—强振幅较连续—断续的席状相,以滨浅海相沉积为主。由此可见,东海陆架盆地南部侏罗系主要发育浅海相、海陆过渡相以及火山岩相,从NW到SE方向中生代沉积环境逐渐由陆相过渡为海相[10]。同时,从中生代地层的剖面特征和沉积相分布来看,瓯江凹陷与其东侧的其他凹陷具有较大的差异。同时,区内主要发育伸展、挤压及复合3种构造样式[14],属于张扭型盆地[15]。
1.2 平衡剖面特征
运用平衡剖面可以获取各构造演化阶段的构造变形和展布特征,对深入分析构造变形演化历史和构造单元的属性具有重要的作用。从穿过新生代各构造单元的CX03线的平衡剖面来看,瓯江凹陷构造演化经历了裂陷阶段、裂后期沉降阶段、抬升阶段和区域沉降阶段[12, 16]。侏罗纪时瓯江凹陷为隆起区,未接受沉积,而东部的闽江和基隆凹陷为一整体,沉积中心位于基隆凹陷,侏罗系最大厚度近2 200 m。白垩纪时瓯江凹陷和闽江凹陷在剖面上表现为一种复式箕状断陷的构造样式,断裂发育,地层向西逐渐减薄乃至尖灭,超覆特征明显,而向东则逐渐加厚。火山活动瓯江凹陷晚,而闽江凹陷早(图5)。
另外,前人研究认为[17],东海陆架盆地南部可以划分出4个NE和NNE向火山岩带,他们是:①浙闽隆起区;②中部隆起区;③钓鱼岛隆褶带;④琉球岛弧带。其中,由于瓯江凹陷火山岩与浙闽地区火山岩特征较为一致,火山活动主要在上新世,因此,推测瓯江凹陷火山岩属于浙闽隆起区的一部分,而由渔山凸起、观音凸起等构成的中部隆起区,火山活动主要在白垩纪晚期。
由此可见,瓯江凹陷与东侧的闽江—基隆凹陷在沉积地层、构造演化以及火山岩发育时间上均存在较大差异,前者以白垩纪地层为主,后者白垩纪和侏罗纪地层兼而有之,且向东有加厚之趋势;前者以断陷为主,后者以凹陷为主;前者火山岩发育晚,后者火山岩发育早。
2. 断坳转换的闽江凹陷
2.1 地震剖面特征
闽江凹陷西邻雁荡低凸起,东接台北低凸起,面积约3.7×104 km2,发育南北2个次凹,具明显的“断坳转化”特征。从穿越东海陆架盆地南部构造单元的CX01和CX02地震剖面来看(图2,图3),闽江凹陷不仅发育白垩纪地层,而且还沉积了较厚的侏罗纪地层。白垩系由西向东加厚,最大厚度2 500 m,一般厚度为750~2 000 m。侏罗系同样由西向东加厚,最大厚度2 000 m,一般厚度为0~1 900 m。从图2和图3中可以看出,NE向的雁荡低凸起分割了闽江凹陷和瓯江凹陷,造成侏罗纪地层只分布在闽江凹陷及以东的区域,且超覆在雁荡低凸起之上[13],具有伸展型盆地的特征[14]。从图中还可以看出,闽江凹陷侏罗纪时断层不发育,白垩纪时断层发育,具有断坳转换的特征。
另外,闽江凹陷南部有2口井(FZ10-1-1和FZ13-2-1)钻遇较厚的侏罗纪地层,岩心观察发现:中下侏罗统福州组为受海侵影响的半深湖/深湖相沉积环境,沉积了较厚的灰黑、黑色泥岩,而上白垩统为广阔的潮坪环境,沉积了灰白色粉砂岩(表1)。因此,从中生代地层的分布和断裂构造特征来看,闽江凹陷与瓯江凹陷具有较大的差异。
2.2 平衡剖面特征
从图5可以看出,侏罗纪时闽江凹陷与东部的基隆凹陷连为一体,沉积了较厚的侏罗纪地层,侏罗系最大厚度近2 000 m。白垩纪时闽江凹陷在剖面上表现为一种复式箕状断陷的构造样式,地层向西逐渐减薄乃至尖灭,断裂和火山岩发育,但整个中生代地层向东仍然有逐渐加厚的趋势(图5)。后期构造运动的改造导致闽江凹陷呈现出现今的盆地形态[20]。由此可见,瓯江凹陷与闽江凹陷在平衡剖面特征上存在较大差异,可以认为属于不同的构造单元。
3. 海陆对比
3.1 浙闽隆起中生界及构造演化
研究表明[21],浙闽隆起从晚三叠世到侏罗纪一直是隆起区,其上没有沉积,而浙闽隆起西部为河湖相沉积,隆起南部为浅海—滨海相的龙岩海湾沉积。白垩纪时浙闽隆起上沉积有火山岩或非火山岩的红色砂岩、沙砾岩、凝灰质砂砾岩夹中酸性火山岩。
陆域中生代发生了4次大规模的构造运动①:中—晚三叠世之间的印支运动和中—晚侏罗世之间的燕山Ⅰ幕运动在浙闽隆起都表现为隆升作用,未沉积三叠纪—侏罗纪地层;早白垩世早期火山活动相对较弱,浙闽隆起上沉积了巨厚的火山岩;早白垩世中晚期发生燕山Ⅱ幕运动,火山喷发和岩浆侵入强烈,造成十分强烈的褶皱和变形。晚白垩世发生了燕山Ⅲ幕运动,形成NE和NNE断裂带,以断裂变动为主,褶皱变形次之,大规模的火山活动是其最显著的特点。
3.2 海域中生界及构造演化
前已述及,瓯江凹陷主要发育陆相白垩纪地层,而闽江凹陷除了发育白垩纪地层外,还发育有侏罗纪地层,白垩纪和侏罗纪地层往东增厚,其沉积环境属海陆过渡相—海相。瓯江凹陷为“东断西超”断陷盆地,闽江凹陷为断坳转换盆地。
从盆地演化历史来看,瓯江凹陷在侏罗纪时为隆起区,与其西侧的浙闽隆起一样缺少沉积;白垩纪时期,瓯江凹陷进入初始开裂阶段[22],火山喷发和岩浆侵入频繁,沉积了一套火山岩—陆相红色碎屑岩,白垩系残留厚度较薄而稳定[23]。闽江凹陷在白垩纪和侏罗纪沉积了较厚地层。其中,雁荡低凸起是侏罗系的西部边界[13],也是闽江凹陷和瓯江凹陷中生界沉积和构造演化的分界线[24-25]。
据分析[22],太平洋板块在1.25~0.7亿年沿亚洲大陆边缘作NWW向俯冲,0.7~0.43亿年转为向N俯冲,0.43亿年之后转为NW向俯冲。在此期间,浙闽隆起上发育了永康型(NNE向坳陷式)火山岩—沉积碎屑岩盆地(K1中晚期—K2),随后在浙西北发育了金衢型(NEE向地堑式)红盆(K1晚期—K2),再后在东面的滨海发育了瓯江型(NE向地堑式)红盆(K2中晚期)。
由此可见,瓯江凹陷在中生代时与浙闽隆起处于相似的大地构造背景,侏罗纪时均处于隆起剥蚀,白垩纪时均处于断裂拉张[26]。二者具有相似的构造运动特征(断裂为主、褶皱为辅)、相似的断裂方向(主要为NE和NEE),因此,推测瓯江凹陷是浙闽隆起的一部分(表2)。
表 2 浙闽隆起区、瓯江凹陷及闽江凹陷中生代地层、构造、岩浆活动等对比Table 2. Comparison of Mesozoic strata, tectonics, magmatic activities etc. between Zhejiang-Fujian Uplift Belt, Oujiang Sag and Minjiang Sag凹陷/隆起 中生代地层分布 中生界沉积相 侏罗纪时地形 白垩纪岩浆活动时间及强度 白垩纪沉积建造 断裂构造特征 瓯江凹陷 白垩系 陆相 隆起 晚、弱 火山岩—红色碎屑岩 断陷 浙闽隆起 白垩系 陆相 隆起 晚、强 火山岩—红色碎屑岩 断裂为主 闽江凹陷 白垩系+侏罗系 海陆过渡相—海相 沉降 早、强 火山岩—深灰色碎屑岩 断坳转化 4. 沉积特征
4.1 浙闽隆起上白垩统沉积特征
东海陆架盆地紧邻西太平洋活动大陆边缘火山岩带的东侧。该大陆边缘形成始自印支期华北与华南板块的拼合,之后,全区规模巨大、时间集中(主要在晚侏罗世—早白垩世)的燕山期陆相火山活动形成了中国东部巨型火山岩带。
上白垩统在福建地区自下而上包括均口组、沙县组和崇安组[27]。均口组为白垩纪红盆,岩性以浅灰、灰绿、灰黑色粉砂岩、钙质粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩为主,夹泥灰岩及紫红色粉砂岩。沙县组为内陆盆地紫红色细碎屑沉积,岩性以紫红色粉砂岩、泥岩为主,夹砂砾岩、长石石英砂岩及黄绿色粉砂岩、细砂岩、凝灰岩。崇安组为陆相红盆厚层粗碎屑沉积,岩性为紫红色厚层砂砾岩、砾岩夹中—薄层细砂岩、粉砂岩,风化后常形成丹霞地貌。通过岩性组合特征判断,福建地区晚白垩世主要为干燥炎热氧化环境下形成的河、湖相红色碎屑沉积,后期发育冲积扇粗碎屑沉积。
上白垩统在福建以北的浙江南部地区为衢江群,自下而上划分为中戴组、金华组和衢县组。中戴组岩性为紫红色厚层块状砾岩、砂砾岩、细砂岩、粉砂岩夹粉砂质泥岩,下部偶夹火山岩。金华组岩性为浅灰紫色薄层粉砂质泥岩(图6)、泥质粉砂岩、粉砂岩夹细砂岩及灰绿、浅灰、灰黑色泥岩。衢县组岩性为棕褐、棕红色厚层至块状砂岩、粉砂岩、含砾砂岩、砂砾岩及砾岩。通过岩性组合特征判断,浙江南部地区上白垩统主要为河流相沉积。
上白垩统在福建以南的粤东地区自下而上为优胜组和叶塘组。优胜组由流纹质凝灰岩、流纹岩、流纹—英安质熔岩等组成,以流纹岩分布最广。叶塘组岩性以紫红色粉砂岩、钙质粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩夹灰绿或深灰色钙质泥岩、粉砂质泥质灰岩和石膏薄层为主。通过岩性组合特征判断,粤东地区在晚白垩世早期,仍然受到火山活动影响,发育火山喷发相沉积,至晚白垩世晚期,发育一套湖泊相碎屑岩沉积。
总体看来,浙闽陆区晚白垩世仍受到火山活动影响,属于白垩系陆相红色沉积,沉积物以紫红色—红色为主。
4.2 瓯江凹陷上白垩统沉积特征
目前,瓯江凹陷钻遇白垩系的钻井只有几口。其中,位于瓯江凹陷北部的FY1井,自下而上钻遇了下白垩统渔山组、上白垩统闽江组和石门潭组。渔山组厚约600 m,上部为棕红、棕褐色泥岩夹灰色粉砂岩,下部为厚层状浅灰色、灰白色砂砾岩夹棕红色泥岩。闽江组和石门潭组厚约2 000 m,总体表现为大段的褐色、棕红色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩与灰色含砾岩屑中砂岩互层,局部含杂色砂砾岩。砂砾岩成分为石英、岩屑,砾石成分主要为火山岩屑,颜色有肉红色、灰白色、灰黑色等,分选差,次棱角状,泥质胶结,较致密。含砾岩屑砂岩中,岩屑有霏细岩、流纹岩、英安岩、安山岩、千枚岩、晶屑凝灰岩,砾径最大10 mm,胶结物为高岭土及少量铁白云石,致密。泥岩质不纯,局部含岩屑斑块及石英斑晶,岩屑有千枚岩、安山岩、英安岩等中酸性火山岩。而位于瓯江凹陷南部的石门潭1井钻遇一套杂色的上白垩统石门潭组碎屑岩,由棕红色泥岩夹灰白色砂岩组成,厚265 m[18-19]。
瓯江凹陷的火山岩主要为喷出岩与侵入岩[28]。推测闽江组发育的沉积体系类型为扇三角洲或者近岸水下扇,整体表现为一套陆相红色碎屑岩沉积,夹有火山喷发岩及火山碎屑岩。与浙闽隆起带上白垩统沉积较为类似。同时,也有学者对瓯江凹陷物源开展分析认为,物源主要来自邻近的华南[29-30]。
4.3 闽江凹陷上白垩统沉积特征
FZ13-2-1井位于闽江凹陷南部,在上白垩统闽江组钻取了6 m岩心。岩心总体为灰白色粉砂岩系,局部有很薄的灰黑、黑色泥质纹层,另外有2~3个中粗砂的滞留沉积。其中粉砂岩粒度细而颜色浅,肉眼观察岩性纯,石英含量高,长石、岩屑含量低。沉积构造多见冲刷面、波状槽状层理、前积纹层、虫孔发育、局部见双向泥纹层和非对称羽状交错层理。同时可以在岩心上观察到海相矿物海绿石及海相微体古生物丁丁虫,综合判定,当时的沉积环境为滨浅海环境(图7)[31]。
镜鉴结果表明,闽江组岩心火山碎屑物质含量为30%。岩屑类型主要是火山岩岩屑和少量变质岩岩屑。火山碎屑以中酸性喷出岩为主,包括酸性喷出岩—流纹岩岩屑、中性喷出岩—安山岩岩屑、基性喷出岩—玄武岩岩屑和一些塑性变形岩屑。变质岩岩屑包括热变质岩屑—石英岩岩屑,浅动力变质岩—云母片岩岩屑。
通过FZ13-2-1井观察到的大量的火山变质岩岩屑和长石石英晶屑,说明闽江凹陷中生界白垩系闽江组受火山作用影响,且FZ13-2-1井矿物颗粒分选中—差,次棱角—次圆,说明距离物源很近。因此,FZ13-2-1井在沉积时应该受到两方面物源的影响,一部分来自于正常的浅水碎屑物质,另一部分来自于火山喷发形成的火山碎屑物质,很少有来自于浙闽隆起带的物源供给。
综上,瓯江凹陷晚白垩世沉积环境与浙闽隆起带相似,均属于陆相红层沉积和火山岩沉积,而闽江凹陷则属于滨浅海环境下的水下含火山岩岩屑的碎屑沉积,从而推测,瓯江凹陷白垩纪时期可能属于浙闽隆起带的一部分,而有别于东部的中生代闽江凹陷(表2)。由于闽江凹陷发育侏罗纪的烃源岩,因此,推测闽江凹陷中生代的油气资源潜力好于瓯江凹陷[26, 32-34]。
5. 结论
(1)地震剖面上,瓯江凹陷为以白垩系为主体的陆相断陷盆地,具有“东断西超”的特征,沉积地层以陆相红层为主;而闽江凹陷除了白垩系外,还有厚度较大的侏罗系,构造上具有“断坳转换”的特征,与其东侧的基隆凹陷构成一个整体,沉积环境为海陆过渡相和海相。
(2)平衡剖面上,侏罗纪瓯江凹陷为隆起区,缺少沉积,而闽江凹陷为凹陷区,沉积了较厚的侏罗系;白垩纪瓯江凹陷断裂发育,闽江凹陷及其东侧的基隆凹陷断裂和火山活动同时发育。
(3)海陆对比显示,瓯江凹陷在中生代时与浙闽隆起处于相似的大地构造背景,侏罗纪时均处于隆升剥蚀,白垩纪时均处于断裂拉张。二者具有相似的构造运动特征(断裂为主、褶皱为辅)、相似的断裂方向(主要为NE和NEE),相似的沉积建造(火山岩—红色碎屑岩)。
(4)沉积特征对比结果显示,瓯江凹陷与浙闽隆起在白垩纪时期均属陆相红层沉积和火山岩沉积,而闽江凹陷属于滨浅海环境下的水下含火山岩岩屑的碎屑沉积。
(5)综上所述,推测瓯江凹陷属于浙闽隆起带的一部分。
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图 3 南黄海海相中―古生界地震层序及地质属性标定(据参考文献[32]修改)(S1至S7为南黄海海相中―古生界地震层序,T2相当于新近系底界,B1至B3为3套典型地震反射标志层组)
Figure 3. Paleozoic seismic sequences and their geological attributes on Laoshan uplift at the South Yellow Sea(modified from [32])(S1 to S7 are the seismic sequences of marine Paleozoic-Mesozoic, T2 is the bottom boundary of Neogene, the B1 to B3 are the three typical seismic markers)
图 8 东海晚三叠世—中侏罗世活动大陆边缘挤压坳陷型盆地(据文献[48])
1-软流圈,2-大陆岩石圈,3-大洋岩石圈,4-前中生代基底,5-晚三叠世―中侏罗世沉积,6-闽浙隆起带,7-陆缘隆起带,8-海沟俯冲带
Figure 8. Compressional depression basin on active continental margin during Late Triassic-Middle Jurassic in East China Sea(from reference [48])
1-asthenosphere, 2-continental lithosphere, 3-ocean lithosphere, 4-pre-Mesozoic basement, 5-Late Triassic-Middle Jurassic sediments, 6-MinZhe uplift zone, 7-continental margin uplift, 8-trench subduction zone
图 9 晚侏罗世—白垩纪伸展断陷型盆地(据文献[48])
1-软流圈,2-大陆岩石圈,3-大洋岩石圈,4-前中生代基底,5-晚三叠世―中侏罗世沉积,6-晚侏罗世—白垩纪沉积,7-闽浙隆起带,8-陆缘隆起带,9-低凸起,10-海沟俯冲带
Figure 9. Extensional graben basins in Late Jurassic to Cretaceous(from reference [48])
1-asthenosphere, 2-continental lithosphere, 3-ocean lithophere, 4-pre-Mesozoic basement, 5-Late Triassic-Middle Jurassic sediments, 6-Late Jurassic-Cretaceous sediments, 7-MinZhe uplift zone, 8-continental margin uplift, 9-low uplift, 10-trench subduction zone
表 2 中国海域沉积盆地
Table 2 A summary of sedimentary basins in China seas
海域 盆地名称 渤海和黄东海 渤海盆地、北黄海盆地、南黄海盆地 东海陆架盆地、冲绳海槽盆地、台西盆地 南海 台西南盆地、珠江口盆地、北部湾盆地、笔架盆地、笔架南盆地、尖峰北盆地、双峰盆地、西沙海槽盆地、琼东南盆地、莺歌海盆地、中建南盆地、排波盆地、西北巴拉望盆地、礼乐盆地、万安盆地、南薇西盆地、南薇东盆地、永署盆地、九章盆地、安渡北盆地、曾母盆地、北康盆地、南沙海槽盆地和文莱沙巴盆地 盆地类型 盆地划分 陆内裂谷盆地 渤海湾盆地、北黄海盆地、南黄海盆地、北部湾盆地 陆缘裂谷盆地 东海陆架盆地、台西盆地、台西南盆地、珠江口盆地、琼东南盆地 走滑拉张盆地 莺歌海盆地、中建南盆地、万安盆地 弧后盆地 冲绳海槽盆地 前弧盆地 文莱沙巴盆地 前陆盆地 曾母盆地 裂离陆块盆地 北康盆地、南薇盆地、礼乐盆地、南薇西盆地、南薇东盆地、
永署盆地、九章盆地、安渡北盆地、西北巴拉望盆地、深海堆积盆地 笔架盆地、笔架南盆地、尖峰北盆地、双峰盆地、西沙海槽盆地、排波盆地 表 4 南黄海盆地海相中―古生界构造单元划分表(据参考文献[32, 40])
Table 4 Tectonic units of the marine Meso-Paleozoic in the South Yellow Sea Basin(from references [32, 40])
基本构造单元 二级构造带 三级构造带 总体特征 南黄海盆地 青岛断褶带 南倾断裂较发育,常与北倾断裂形成地堑或地垒构造,
中―古生代海相地层齐全、厚度大、变形较弱,以隔档式构造为主。崂山断隆带 高石稳定带 深大断裂不发育,浅层断裂较少,正逆共存。中―古生代海相地层层序完整,
变形较弱,构造以宽缓褶皱或断鼻、断块为主。青峰变形带 盖层滑脱型逆掩推覆体系,断裂发育,地层褶皱变形较强烈,古生界发育完整,分布广泛。 烟台冲断带 高角度基底卷入式逆冲,断裂北倾为主,发育逆冲断块,上古生界剥蚀严重,下古生界分布相对稳定。 -
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