Climate changes on Chinese continent since 2.5 Ma: Evidence from fossil pollen records
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摘要: 第四纪作为地质历史中距今最近的一个时期,其气候演化过程备受关注。然而,受研究材料的限制,该时段内气候演化历史研究有限且存在一定的不一致性。为此,本文选取中国陆地第四纪时期(2.5 Ma以来)的48篇孢粉记录资料作为研究对象,对孢粉组成结果进行再分析,探讨孢粉中记录的第四纪气候演化信息。结果表明,研究区域2.5~1.5 Ma期间气候波动变冷且明显偏干,1.5~1.0 Ma期间东部地区气候偏湿而西北地区和青藏高原地区则偏干,1.0 Ma以来整体气候波动频繁。同时,孢粉记录中保存的气候演化历史与第四纪亚洲季风演化具有较好的一致性,约2.5 Ma亚洲冬季风逐渐增强,该阶段气候较为干旱;在1.5 Ma东亚夏季风呈现增强的趋势,带来较多降水,气候湿润;而1.0 Ma以来冬季风增强夏季风减弱,气候又逐渐变干。Abstract: Climate change during Quaternary has been a hot spot in geosciences for decades. However, discrepancies remain among scholars up to date. In this paper, 48 fossil pollen records from Chinese continent, which cover the whole period of Quaternary, were selected and synthesized for regional climate variations in order to better understand the historical evolution of Quaternary climate. Pollen data were interpolated and mapped using the method of Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) for spatial distribution patterns. According to the fossil pollen records, Quaternary climate variation on Chinese continent could be summarized as follows. During the period of 2.5~1.5 Ma, the region was dominated by fluctuated cold and dry climate. During the period from 1.5 to 1.0 Ma, it was warm and wet in the eastern part but dry in the northwestern part and the Tibetan Plateau. More fluctuations appeared since 1.0 Ma. The climate variation revealed by pollen records shows a good consistance with the Quaternary monsoon evolution: Asian winter monsoon gradually strengthened after 2.5 Ma while the climate was relatively dry. The East Asian summer monsoon, however, intensified around 1.5 Ma, which probably brought in more precipitation and led to the overall wet climate. The region returned to a drying trend again since 1.0 Ma with the retreat of summer monsoon.
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Keywords:
- pollen /
- climate change /
- Asian monsoon /
- Quaternary
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近年来,页岩气的勘探和开发在中国取得了突破性进展。目前,位于黔北地区的安页1井一举在4个层位获得页岩气和常规油气日产10m3天然气的重大突破,开辟了南方复杂构造区油气勘探的新篇章,具有“里程牌式”的意义[1]。在总结安页1井成功经验时,提出了“三元富集”理论,即:优质页岩是物质基础,构造保存是核心,地层超压是关键[2]。本文通过美国巴奈特(Barnett)页岩气藏、四川龙马溪组页岩气藏及贵州龙马溪组潜在页岩气区的保存条件对比,提出了一种“三明治”结构,这种结构主要指顶板、底板岩性主要为灰岩,纵向上形成多套致密隔挡层,强调“三明治”结构在页岩气保存中的重要性[3-5]。结合下扬子古生界发育特征以及南黄海崂山隆起的构造演化,提出南黄海页岩气获得突破的可能位置和可能层位。
1. 区域地质概况
南黄海盆地位于下扬子地块东北部,中-古生代地层发育齐全,自北而南划分为千里岩隆起、烟台坳陷、崂山隆起、青岛坳陷和勿南沙隆起5大构造单元[6](图 1)。其中,崂山隆起处于南北2个对冲的坳陷之间,中-古生界埋深较浅(图 2)。目前南黄海盆地只有8口井钻遇海相中-古生界,2口井在中-古生界见油气显示,勘探程度很低。
根据下扬子陆域构造演化特征及南黄海地震资料解释成果认为,位于下扬子主体的南黄海崂山隆起虽经多期构造运动,但是,由于早期的构造运动主要表现为整体抬升,晚期的构造运动因高家边组的滑脱作用减轻了下古生界的构造变形,因此,崂山隆起下古生界构造变形整体较弱且处于南北对冲的稳定区域。因此推测,崂山隆起古生界有利于页岩气的保存和生产。
海陆对比、钻井分析和地震资料解释认为,南黄海海相中-古生代地层全,厚度大,烃源岩好(图 3)。其中,早寒武世荷塘组整体为灰黑色泥岩,上奥陶统五峰组整体为黑色硅质页岩,下志留统高家边组底部整体为深灰色泥岩,而上二叠统龙潭-大隆组存在较厚的深灰色或杂色泥岩,它们共同构成了南黄海古生界的3套主要烃源岩[7]。
2. 国内外“三明治”结构对比
2.1 福特沃斯盆地巴奈特页岩“三明治”结构
研究表明,巴奈特页岩是美国福特沃斯盆地的主要烃源岩,沉积于上升流强烈的深水陆棚环境[8]。在盆地北部,巴奈特页岩被福里斯特堡(Forestburg)灰岩层分隔为上、下两段,其中,上段厚约46m,下段厚约91m,福里斯特堡(Forestburg)灰岩厚约61m。在福里斯特堡(Forestburg)灰岩层缺失的地方,巴奈特页岩为一整体,其顶、底板分别为马尔布(Mable Falls)灰岩和维奥拉/辛普森(Viola/Simpson)或艾伦伯格(Ellenburge)灰岩。在福特沃斯盆地,虽然巴奈特页岩上段和福里斯特堡(Forestburg)灰岩层分布广泛,但是,75%或更多的天然气来自巴奈特页岩下段。
巴奈特页岩顶、底板及中间灰岩夹层在纵向上中形成了多套致密隔层,有利于页岩气的保存和生产(图 4a,b)[9,10]。
这些灰岩封隔层一方面减缓了巴奈特页岩中天然气的逸散速度,另一方面提高了巴奈特页岩中地层的压力。这种顶、底为致密灰岩层,中间主要为页岩层的地层结构,称之为“三明治”结构。值得注意的是,中间的页岩层间或也存在有灰岩夹层(图 4c)[9,10]。这种“三明治”结构在北美其他盆地也得到了证实。如阿巴拉契亚盆地的泥盆系马塞勒斯(Marcellus)页岩,其顶、底均被灰岩层所封堵,中间被灰岩层分为上下两段,是巴奈特页岩气藏的翻版[8]。
2.2 四川盆地龙马溪组“三明治”结构
到目前为止,四川盆地的页岩气主要产自下志留统龙马溪组[11-15],而礁石坝页岩气田是中国首个日产天然气超过百万方的整装页岩气田,其中,上奥陶统五峰组和下志留统龙马溪组是其主要的勘探层段。从礁石坝地区地层综合柱状图可以看出(图 5),上奥陶统五峰组和下志留统龙马溪组页岩位于下伏的奥陶系中上统灰岩和上覆的下志留统石牛栏组泥灰岩之间,它们共同构成了“三明治”结构的储-盖组合。同时,齐岳山逆冲断层在礁石坝页岩气藏的东侧构成封堵[13],上述条件有利于五峰组和龙马溪组页岩气的保存和生产。
2.3 贵州黔北龙马溪组“三明治”结构
贵州黔北地区沉积地层与扬子地区基本相同,黑色泥页岩层系多,厚度大,预计页岩气资源前景巨大[16](图 6)。贵州黔北获得页岩气重大突破的安页1井,其主要的页岩气勘探层段也是上奥陶统五峰组和下志留统龙马溪组页岩。
图 6 贵州下古生界黑色页岩发育层系图(据文献[14])Figure 6. Black shale strata of the Lower Paleozoic in Guizhou Province据研究,寒武纪至中志留世贵州及邻区总体为沉降区,接受了巨厚的海相沉积[17]。其中,晚奥陶世末,在滞流环境下沉积了五峰组黑色页岩;早志留世龙马溪组沉积了一套暗色泥页岩,而石牛栏组沉积了一套碳酸盐岩。五峰组通常较薄,岩性主要为砂质泥岩、黑色页岩。而龙马溪组较厚,岩性为炭质页岩、钙质或粉砂质页岩。由此可见,五峰组和龙马溪组处于上覆的石牛栏组生物灰岩、泥灰岩和下伏的涧草沟组和宝塔组泥灰岩之间,构成了“三明治”结构的储-盖组合,有利于页岩气的保存与生产。据安页1井钻井地层报道,下志留统石牛栏组为泥岩和泥灰岩互层,钻获高产工业气流。就其岩性组合来看,它起到了龙马溪组页岩气顶板的封隔作用,同时,石牛栏组本身也具有“三明治”结构的储-盖组合特征,因此,推测产自石牛栏组的天然气很可能也属页岩气。
3. 南黄海页岩气的保存条件
前已述及,南黄海古生界黑色泥页岩层系主要有3套:下寒武统、下志留统和二叠系,地震资料解释认为,这3套地层分布广,厚度稳定。值得注意的是,寒武系和二叠系泥质烃源岩的顶、底均为灰岩,构成了类似于巴奈特页岩气藏的“三明治”结构,而志留系高家边组上覆层主要为砂泥岩,部分地区可见薄层泥灰岩(图 3),封隔性较差,形成“三明治”结构的页岩气藏可能性较小。野外地质考察和样品实验测试也发现,下扬子地区古生界灰岩基质非常致密,可以作为很好的盖层。因此,推测南黄海盆地“三明治”结构的页岩气藏主要分布在早寒武世荷塘组和上二叠统龙潭和大隆组,其“三明治”结构特征阐述如下:
3.1 早寒武世荷塘组“三明治”结构
通过南黄海全区地震资料综合解释认为,早寒武世荷塘组顶界反射特征不甚清晰,但在资料品质相对较好、构造相对平稳的局部区域,顶界可以追踪,其上以灰岩为主的上覆地层表现为空白杂乱反射,而以白云岩为主的下伏地层表现为中弱振幅、中低频反射特征,由此可见,南黄海盆地早寒武世荷塘组在空间上是可以追踪的。根据南黄海盆地早寒武世沉积相以及地层分布特征,认为这种早寒武世荷塘组“三明治”结构主要分布在崂山隆起的中东部。
在南黄海海相地层综合柱状图中,荷塘组之下为震旦系灯影组白云岩,之上为寒武系中上统炮台山组的白云岩,三者之间构成了“三明治”结构(图 7),有利于页岩气的保存。另外,在威远气田钻井揭示的地层中,下寒武统龙王庙组和洗象池组之间还分布有对气藏具有很好封盖作用的膏岩层[18]。因此,推测南黄海早寒武世荷塘组具有良好的页岩气保存条件[19]。
3.2 上二叠统龙潭和大隆组的“三明治”结构
CZ35-2-1井在南黄海盆地的勿南沙隆起上钻遇二叠系[20,21]。龙潭组和大隆组的底板为栖霞组,岩性为深灰、灰黑色灰岩,厚266m;顶板为下三叠统青龙组,岩性为灰岩、泥质灰岩,厚1410m。三者之间构成了“三明治”结构(图 8)。处于“三明治”结构内部的龙潭组为灰黑色泥岩、灰岩夹砂岩,顶部有煤层,厚270m,而大隆组为灰黑色泥岩、粉砂岩,厚115m。根据钻井资料测试分析,龙潭和大隆组烃源岩已达生气阶段,有利于页岩气的生成。
通过井震标定并进行全区层位追踪对比,龙潭和大隆组的顶板下三叠统青龙组(T1)底界反射在崂山隆起和青岛坳陷局部区域内反射特征较清楚,中等振幅、中低频、局部较连续,而底板下二叠统栖霞组顶界反射特征清晰,强振幅、低频,在崂山隆起和青岛坳陷内连续性较好,能连续对比追踪。因此,根据南黄海盆地上二叠统龙潭-大隆组沉积相以及地层分布特征,龙潭和大隆组的“三明治”结构在南黄海盆地分布在青岛坳陷及崂山隆起中东部。
4. 讨论
美国福特沃斯盆地是在晚古生代造山运动形成的前陆盆地,盆地中部巴奈特为深水斜坡-盆地沉积,处于风暴底面以下的贫氧—厌氧带。四川盆地及其周缘位于上扬子地台,是一个沉积型叠合盆地,早志留统龙马溪沉积时期,是一种局限的浅海沉积,并同时发生大规模海侵,后期的加里东运动,导致中晚志留统-泥盆纪地层遭受剥蚀,巴奈特(Barnett)页岩与龙马溪页岩都为深水陆棚至盆地相的深黑色富有机质页岩,均是海侵体系域的产物,形成于挤压环境下沉积构造背景,具有多个物源混合充填的沉积特征[22]。
下扬子地台自震旦纪晚期处于稳定的克拉通边缘海沉积阶段,以大型台地和两侧深水盆地为基本沉积格局。震旦纪晚期,扬子地区沉积第一套沉积盖层,主要以白云岩沉积为主;到早寒武世荷塘组沉积期,海水变深,是下扬子区的最大海侵时期,主要发育深水陆棚相-盆地相的碳质、硅质页岩,其岩石组合以灰黑色、黑色泥岩、硅质页岩、碳质页岩为主,主要受被动大陆边缘地理格局控制,页岩主要沉积于台内坳陷和台地边缘的浅-深水陆棚[22,23]。中上寒武统海水变浅,沉积了一套白云岩、灰岩海相沉积。从晚震旦纪到中上寒武纪时期,下扬子区经历了一次海侵-海退过程,岩性由白云岩到泥岩、页岩再到灰岩、白云岩过程。构成了类似于巴奈特页岩气藏的“三明治”结构。
下扬子区早二叠世栖霞期发生了一次大规模的海侵,出现了深水沉积区,岩性主要以灰岩沉积为主,底部存在较薄的深灰色泥岩。晚二叠世晚期,受东吴运动影响,龙潭-大隆组沉积期海水变浅,以海陆交互相沉积为主,岩性主要以较厚的深灰色或杂色泥岩及煤层为主[24,25]。早三叠世,发生了一次大规模海侵,以陆棚和台地相沉积为主,灰岩沉积分布广泛。从二叠世到早三叠世时期,下扬子区经历了一次海侵-海退-海侵过程,岩性由灰岩到泥岩、页岩再到灰岩过程,同样构成了类似于巴奈特页岩气藏的“三明治”结构。
因此,南黄海盆地自震旦纪到早古生代早期,主要以稳定的克拉通沉积环境为主,发生大规模的海侵沉积。志留纪末期加里东运动以隆升作用为主,区域上形成大的隆起和坳陷,导致上志留统和中下泥盆统缺失。石炭纪主要发育碳酸盐岩沉积为主,夹有海陆过渡相碎屑岩沉积。二叠纪到三叠纪沉积主要有滨岸碎屑岩沉积过渡到台地相碳酸盐岩沉积,再到浅海陆棚碳酸盐岩沉积,到晚三叠纪潟湖沉积。三叠纪晚期,华北板块与扬子板块碰撞,南黄海盆地崂山隆起属于南北双向逆冲稳定地带[26]。综上所述,南黄海盆地早寒武世荷塘组泥页岩、上二叠统龙潭-大隆组泥岩与巴奈特页岩及龙马溪组页岩具有相似的“三明治”结构。其顶、底板灰岩隔层一方面有利于页岩气的保存, 另一方面提高了页岩层的压力,有利于页岩气的开采。
5. 结论
(1) 页岩气藏保存条件对比研究显示,“三明治”结构的页岩气保存条件在页岩气成藏过程中至关重要,既有利于页岩气的保存,又有利于页岩气的开采;
(2) 南黄海崂山隆起的下寒武统和上二叠统可能存在“三明治”结构的页岩气保存条件,它们可能是南黄海页岩气获得突破的关键层段;
(3) 崂山隆起两侧边缘因存在南北对冲的逆冲封堵断层而可能成为页岩气钻探的目标区;
(4) 在“三明治”结构的页岩气保存条件中,致密砂岩层是否具有灰岩隔板的封堵能力尚不清楚,还需要进一步工作。
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图 1 第四纪古孢粉记录的空间分布及4个研究区域
A. 西北地区,B. 青藏地区,C. 北方地区,D. 南方地区。
黄色点为有年代标尺的记录,红色点为无具体年代标尺的记录,记录详情见表1。Figure 1. The distribution of Quaternary pollen records collected in this study for four sub-regions
A-Northwest China, B-Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, C-North China, D-South China
The yellow dots are records with age control, while red dots represent records without age control, detailed information refer to Table 1.表 1 中国2.5 Ma以来陆地孢粉记录
Table 1 List of pollen records since 2.5 Ma from Chinese continent
编号 钻孔 东经 北纬 载体 孔深/m 年代/Ma 样品数 文献 NW1 QK7 107.00° 41.00° 岩芯 200 0.51 275 李玉刚等[11] NW2 DWJ 99.50° 39.50° 岩芯 140 1.70 19 常婧等[12] NW3 CK1 106.25° 38.47° 岩芯 300 0.80 110 杨振京等[13] N1 虎头梁剖面 114.35° 40.16° 剖面 − 早更新世 − 刘金陵等[14] N2 昌平东闸村 115.84° 40.04° 岩芯 103~149 0.60~1.07 60 李腾飞等[15] N3 HR88-01 116.58° 40.19° 岩芯 506 第四纪 − 李长安等[16] N4 TZ01 116.54° 40.10° 岩芯 763 3.58 239 姚亦峰等[17] N5 北京凹陷新5孔 116.52° 39.95° 岩芯 862 2.30 51 郭高轩等[18] N6 CQJ1孔 117.22° 39.34° 岩芯 501 4.00 275 范淑贤等[19] N7 TD1 118.16° 39.54° 岩芯 238 3.45 87 胡云壮等[20] N8 G1、G25、SK304 − − 岩芯 103、68、55 第四纪 25、31、31 任振纪等[21] N9 河北平原内25口井 115.00°~117.45° 37.45°~33.51° 剖面 − 第四纪 314 童国榜等[22] N10 HS1 115.68° 37.91° 岩芯 600 3.50 529 范淑贤等[23] N11 河南开封XK63、武涉XK72 河北肃宁sukai10、沧州沧12 沧13、玉田yu11 113.00°~118.00° 35.0°~40.0° 岩芯 330~770 第四纪 362 童国榜等[24] N12 HB1 117.51° 38.29° 岩芯 550 3.20 462 范淑贤等[25] N13 甘肃省灵台县朝那镇 107.20° 35.12° 剖面 105 1.50 130 吴福莉等[26] N14 黑木沟 109.43° 35.76° 剖面 − 2.50 − 李玉梅等[27] N15 BK2 113.25° 35.18° 岩芯 162 0.57 158 乔晓旭等[28] N16 HZ~S 114.51° 36.61° 岩芯 1~101 第四纪 140 肖景义等[29] N17 N3 110.10° 34.55° 岩芯 250 第四纪 35 刘明建等[30] N18 NYbz1、NYbz2 112.54° ~112.40° 32.89°~32.94° 岩芯 150、130 1.98 50、20 李博等[31] N19 淮北平原 116.00° 34.00° − − 2.50 − 于振江等[32] T1 ZK402 91.60° 37.58° 岩芯 − 2.50 − 王建等[33] T2 ZK701+801孔、水6孔、
涩中6井、涩深1井− − 岩芯 0~1100
0~900
380~1146、
1140~16201.87 − 康安等[34] T3 BDQ 93.93° 35.22° 岩芯 106 0.73~0.02 90 刘晓丽等[35] T4 羌塘组 94.93° 36.41° 剖面 355 2.00 50 许清海等[36] T5 东山顶 94.78° 35.00° 剖面 120 2.40 180 潘安定等[37] T6 野牛沟、大野马岭牛头碑、哈拉滩、黑河乡 97.00°~99.00° 34.00°~35.00° 剖面 2.23 219 韩建恩等[38] T7 东山组 103.07° 35.58° 剖面 80~200 2.50~1.76 88 董铭等[39] T8 香孜组剖面 79.67° 31.82° 剖面 250 2.68~1.36 34 朱大岗等[40] T9 香孜组剖面 79.62° 31.84° 剖面 110 2.75~1.86 54 江尚松等[41] T10 CN 91.40°~91.50° 31.40°~31.50° 岩芯 197 2.80 400 陈诗越等[42] T11 错鄂孔 91.40°~91.50° 31.40°~31.50° 岩芯 201 2.80 400 陈诗越等[43] T12 沃马剖面 85.29° 28.50° 剖面 600 10.00~1.67 159 徐亚东等[44] S1 DZS2 112.70° 31.22° 岩芯 240 第四纪 461 张志忠等[45] S2 ZKA4 119.52° 32.48° 岩芯 234 2.58 129 张宗言等[46] S3 ZK10 119.84° 32.97° 岩芯 243 2.58 180 劳金秀等[47] S4 兴化钻孔 119.52° 32.48° 岩芯 350 3.00 − 舒强等[48] S5 NTK01 120.91° 31.97° 岩芯 202 上新世 125 向烨等[49] S6 SZ03 120.70° 31.24° 岩芯 272 第四纪 109 宗雯等[50] S7 渡村1125井 120.08° 31.03° 岩芯 139 第四纪 51 汪世兰等[51] S8 长江三角洲 121.14° 31.00° − − 第四纪 1000多 王开发等[52] S9 斜土路2号钻孔 120.86° 30.67° 岩芯 248 更新世 − 姜立征等[53] S10 ZK1 122.33° 30.00° 岩芯 90 中更新世 33 叶兴永等[54] S11 HQ 100.18° 26.56° 岩芯 737 / 2.78 1989 肖霞云等[55] S12 云贵高原 92.00°~108.00° 22.00°~28.00° − − 4.00 700 童国榜等[56] S13 ZK1 110.18° 20.33° 岩芯 39~210 0.73~2.48 26 廖先斌等[57] S14 ZQ1、ZQ2、ZQ3、ZQ4 113.00°~116.00° 20.00°~23.00° 岩芯 120 第四纪 177 陈芳等[58] 表 2 特征孢粉种属ArcMap插值分级
Table 2 Classification of selected pollen species for interpolation in ArcMap
种属 分级 松属 <10%、10%~20%、20%~40%、40%~60%、60%~80%、>80% 云/冷杉属 <5%、5%~15%、15%~25%、>25% 桦木属 <1%、1%~2%、2%~4%、4%~5%、>5% 蒿属 <6%、6%~15%、15%~25%、25%~50%、>50% 藜科 <2%、2%~5%、5%~15%、15%~30%、30%~40%、40%~55%、>55% 禾本科 <3%、3%~5%、5%~10%、10%~15%、>20% -
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