Characteristics and hydrocarbon prospects of the Permian sandstone reservoirs of the Laoshan Uplift, South Yellow Sea
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摘要: 南黄海崂山隆起二叠系发育典型致密砂岩，具备“源储互层”、“油气近源聚集”的成藏条件，具有较大的油气资源潜力。基于崂山隆起内唯一钻井CSDP-2井，通过物性实验、铸体薄片、阴极发光、X-射线衍射、流体包裹体鉴定等分析测试方法，结合地震储层预测，研究了崂山隆起二叠系砂岩储层特征、分布规律及主控因素。结果显示，崂山隆起二叠系砂岩储层致密，成岩演化复杂，超低孔、超低渗，但裂缝发育，属于致密改造型储层；该储层具有“横向相控、垂向叠置、裂缝连通”的分布特点；储层物性及空间展布受控于沉积环境、成岩作用和构造事件的复合作用；崂山隆起二叠系具有两期油气充注，砂岩储层经历了致密储集体的形成、裂缝化改造两个过程。研究认为，崂山隆起二叠系油气资源前景较好，寻找保存条件较好的储层发育区是该区未来油气勘探的重点方向。Abstract: The tight sandstone reservoirs of Permian are well developed on the Laoshan Uplift of the South Yellow Sea, where the reservoirs are interbedded with source rocks and have excellent conditions for near-source hydrocarbon accumulation. Based on the borehole of CSDP-2 recently drilled on the Laoshan Uplift, the characteristics, distribution patterns and the main controlling factors of the reservoirs are comprehensively studied by this paper with the data from seismic reservoir prediction and laboratory testing, which includes reservoir properties, casting thin sections, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, fluid inclusion, et al. The results suggest that the Permian sandstone reservoirs belong to the kind of tight reworked reservoir, which have suffered strong compaction and complex diagenetic evolution and are characterized by extremely low porosity and permeability. However, fractures are well developed. The distribution of the reservoirs is controlled by three factors: sedimentary facies change laterally, source rock overlapping vertically, and fracture connection internally. Reservoir properties and their spatial distribution are jointly controlled by sedimentary environment, diagenesis and tectonic events. There are two periods of hydrocarbon charging in Permian on the Laoshan Uplift and the sandstone reservoir has experienced two major processes: the formation of tight reservoirs and fracture transformation. According to this research, the Permian of the Laoshan Uplift has great exploration prospect, and future exploration should focus more on reservoirs with better preservation conditions.
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图 2 崂山隆起二叠系地层特征与沉积特征
a. CSDP-2井二叠系岩电特征[24, 40, 46]，b. 南黄海晚二叠世龙潭组沉积特征[24, 33, 36-37]
Figure 2. Stratigraphic and sedimentary characteristics of the Permian on Laoshan Uplift
a. Lithology and electricity characteristics of Permian in Well CSDP-2（modified from references [24, 40, 46]）, b. sedimentary facies of Longtan Formation in the South Yellow Sea（modified from references [24, 33, 36-37]）.
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图 3 崂山隆起CSDP-2井二叠系砂岩储层特征
a. 砂岩类型分类，多属于长石岩屑砂岩；b. 砂岩样品孔隙度分布频率；c. 储层岩石压实作用强，裂缝发育，1136.2 m；d. 储层岩石宽裂缝发育，缝中被方解石和硅质充填，残余原生孔，1294.4 m；e. 储层岩石溶蚀扩大孔发育，1031 m；f. 储层岩石发育少量粒内溶孔，1127.8 m；g. 扫描电镜下的长石溶孔，1305.58 m；h. 储层岩石发育构造裂缝，1802.48 m；i. 储层发育的裂缝切割岩石颗粒，1551.1 m。
Figure 3. Characteristics of the Permian sandstone reservoir, Well CSDP-2 on Laoshan Uplift
a. The sandstone is dominated by feldspar lithic sandstone; b. Porosity distribution frequency of sandstone samples; c. strong compaction of the reservoir, with well-developed fractures, 1136.2 m; d. wide fractures, filled by calcite and silica, are developed in the reservoir rock with residual primary pores, 1294.4 m; e. reservoir dissolution makes pores bigger, 1031 m; f. a few intragranular dissolved pores developed in the reservoir rock, 1127.8 m; g. solution pore of feldspar under SEM, 1305.58 m; h. structural fractures of the reservoir rock, 1802.48 m; i. fractures cutting through the particles, 1551.1 m.
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图 4 崂山隆起CSDP-2井二叠系砂岩的成岩特征
a. 压实作用强烈，岩石颗粒线接触，石英加大较为发育，1132.2 m；b. 见大量碳酸盐胶结物，部分染色为方解石，其余部分未被染色，1306.98 m；c. 方解石交代和胶结作用，1551.1 m；d. 扫描电镜下的石英加大发育，1182.25 m；e. 裂缝中充填热液石英和方解石，方解石阴极发光强，1231.48 m；f. 连晶状方解石胶结物，1810.85 m。
Figure 4. Diagenetic characteristics of Permian sandstone, Well CSDP-2, Laoshan Uplift
a. Strong compaction, linear contact of rock particles, quartz enlarged, 1132.2 m; b. carbonate cement, some of which are as calcite stained, and the rest are not stained, 1306.98 m; c. calcite replacement and cementation, 1551.1 m; d. quartz enlargement under SEM, 1182.25 m; e. the fracture is filled with hydrothermal quartz and calcite, and the calcite cathodoluminescence is strong, 1802.48 m; f. crystal carbonate cement, 1810.85 m.
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图 5 敏感参数分析
a. CSDP-2井岩性敏感参数分析，b. CSDP-2井物性敏感参数分析，d. 裂缝密度敏感参数分析。
Figure 5. Analysis of sensitive parameters
a. Lithology-sensitive parameters, b. property-sensitive parameters, c. fracture density -sensitive parameters.
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图 6 崂山隆起三维区地震属性剖面
测线位置见图7。a. 纵波阻抗预测砂体，b. λρ预测物性，c. 蚂蚁体裂缝检测，d. 频率域振幅峰值预测裂缝。
Figure 6. Seismic attribute profiles of the 3D area on Laoshan Uplift
See Fig.7 for location of survey lines. a. sand bodies prediction with P-wave impedance，b. reservoir property prediction with λρ，c. fracture detection with ant tracking body，d. fracture detection with peak amplitude in frequency domain.
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图 7 崂山隆起三维区地震属性切片
三维区位置见图2b。a. 纵波阻抗预测砂体展布，b. 纵波阻抗与频率域峰值振幅相关分析预测裂缝型砂体展布，c. λρ预测物性展布。
Figure 7. Seismic attribute slices of 3D area in Laoshan Uplift
See Fig.2b for location of the 3D survey lines. a. sand bodies distribution prediction with P-wave impedance，b. fracture sand bodies distribution prediction with correlation analysis between P-wave impedance and peak amplitude in frequency domain，c. reservoir property distribution prediction with λρ.
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图 8 崂山隆起CSDP-2井二叠系含烃包裹体赋存特征及均一温度分布
a. 含沥青油气包裹体沿未切穿石英颗粒的次生微裂隙面分布，963 m；b. 轻质油气包裹体沿切穿石英颗粒及其加大边的微裂隙成带分布，963 m；c. 石英脉中带状分布的轻质油气包裹体，1192 m；d. 含烃包裹体均一温度分布。
Figure 8. Occurrence characteristics and homogenization temperature of Permian hydrocarbon-containing inclusions Well CSDP-2, Laoshan Uplift
a. the asphalt-bearing inclusions distributed along the secondary microfracture surfaces of uncut quartz grains, 963 m; b. the light hydrocarbon inclusions distributed along the microfractures that cut through the quartz grains, 963 m; c. light hydrocarbon inclusions in quartz veins; d. homogenization temperature distribution of hydrocarbon inclusions.
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