Research progress on exploitation of key deep-sea mineral resources

The deep sea is rich in energy and mineral resources, including polymetallic nodules, massive sulphides, cobalt-rich crusts, deep-sea rare earths, natural gas hydrates, and so on, which are important reserves for the future sustainable development of human society. Currently, the demand for energy and key mineral resources for the rapid development of society continues to grow, stimulating another round of deep-sea mineral resources development boom. In the global context, deep-sea mineral resources discovered are mainly concentrated in the international seabed areas of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, as well as in the seabed within the exclusive economic zones of coastal countries. Compared with land-based mineral deposits, deep-sea mineral deposits have the advantages of high grade, variety, being far away from residential areas, and easy transportation and transfer. However, marine mining will inevitably affect the living environment of marine organisms and destabilize deep-sea ecosystems. If we do not strengthen the assessment of environmental impacts and research on mining technology, as well as formulate relevant laws and regulations, the damage to the marine environment caused by future deep-sea mining will be incalculable. Therefore, the current situation of deep-sea mining, the research progress of mining technology, the impact on deep-sea ecosystems, and the relevant constraints were systematically reviewed, and reasonable suggestions were put forward. This study provided a useful reference for the development of future deep-sea mining technology.