Millennium-scale coastline changes and sedimentary environment evolution in the incised valley of the Yangtze River Delta since the Holocene
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摘要:
长江三角洲地区具有低海拔、沉积速率大、人口密度高、人地关系矛盾突出等特点，也是受全球气候变暖、海平面上升影响最大的区域之一。恢复长江三角洲全新世以来的区域海岸线变迁，有助于理解该地区对未来海平面上升的响应。本研究以长江三角洲下切河谷顶端YZSW4孔为研究对象，建立全新世以来高分辨率的地层序列，并结合已发表的钻孔，建立高程-年龄-沉积相等基本属性的数据集，恢复长江三角洲古地形地貌，并探讨三角洲的演变过程和影响因素。结果表明：红桥亚三角洲和黄桥亚三角洲在11.0～9.0 kaBP、9.0～7.0 kaBP、7.0～4.0 kaBP、4.0～0 kaBP4个阶段的沉积环境分别为潮汐河道、河口湾、三角洲前缘、三角洲平原，沉积速率呈现高-低-高-低的特征，红桥、黄桥沙坝并不是按照形成的先后相互衔接的，而是具有同期性，形成时间为7.6～4.0 ka。全新世以来，长江三角洲的堆积作用受控于古河口的位置、轮廓形状及海平面变化，11.0～9.0 ka，海平面快速上升，大量沉积物在古河口附近堆积下来；9.0～7.0 ka，为强潮型的河口湾，沉积物在远离湾顶的区域堆积；7.0 ka以来，海平面趋于稳定，在古河口附近堆积。
Abstract:The Yangtze River Delta region is characterized by low altitude, rapid sedimentation rate, high population density, and high demographic conflict, making it one of the regions most affected by global warming and sea level rise in China. The reconversion of regional coastline changes since the Holocene is helping to understand the region's response to future sea-level rise. In this study, the lithology, radiocarbon ages, sediment grain size of the YZSW4 core, located in the incised-valley fills beneath the westernmost part of the Yangtze River Delta, were analyzed. By integrating this data with the previously published ones of drilling cores, a dataset on elevation-age-sediment facies was established, allowing us for the reconstruction of the millennium-scale coastline and sedimentary environment. Results indicate that the sedimentary environments of the Hongqiao subdelta and Huangqiao subdelta in the four stages of 11.0～9.0 ka, 9.0～7.0 ka, 7.0～4.0 ka, and 4.0～0 ka were characterized by tidal channels, estuaries, delta fronts, and delta plains, respectively. The sedimentation rates exhibited a pattern of high-low-high-low on average of 4.21 mm/a, 1.98 mm/a, 4.04 mm/a, 1.80 mm/a, respectively. The Hongqiao and Huangqiao sand bars were found to have formed simultaneously rather than in sequence, with both being tidal sands mainly formed between 7.6～4.0 ka. Since the Holocene, the accumulation of the Yangtze River Delta was controlled by the sea-level change, as well as the position and shape of the paleo-estuary. From 11.0 to 9.0 ka, there was a rapid sea level rise, leading to significant sediment deposition near the paleo-estuary. Between 9.0–7.0 ka, a strong tidal estuary developed, resulting in sediment accumulation further away from estuary area. After 7.0 ka, the sea level stabilized, and sediment began accumulating near the paleo-estuary.
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Keywords:
- incised valley /
- coastline changes /
- Holocene /
- sedimentary environment /
- Yangtze River Delta
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图 1 长江三角洲下切河谷钻孔位置及联合剖面（N-S）
a: 长江三角洲下切河谷地形图， b: 钻孔分布图， c: 北南向（N-S）联合剖面图，图中数据为年龄，单位为cal.aBP。
Figure 1. The location of cores in the incised valley of the Yangtze River delta
a:Topographic map of the incised valley zone of the Yangtze River Delta, b: the locations of the cores distributed in the incised valley of the Yangtze River Delta, c: the north-south (N-S) inter-well joint section along the incised-valley axis, the data in the figure represents age, the uint of age is cal.aBP.
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图 2 钻孔YZSW4典型沉积相照片
a: 灰黑色黏土与粉砂互层，发育潮汐层理，呈“千层饼”构造；b: 灰色黏土与粉砂互层，发育潮汐层理，呈“千层饼”构造；c: 灰色黏土与粉砂互层，发育潮汐层理，呈“千层饼”构造；d: 灰色细砂；e: 灰色细砂，含大量贝壳；f: 灰色细砂；g: 灰色中粗砂；h: 灰色粗砂；i: 灰色砂砾层；j: 灰色砂砾层；k: 灰色砂砾层；l: 紫色中细粒砂岩。
Figure 2. Photographs of representative sedimentary facies of core YZSW4
a: grayish-black silt and clay interbedded, characterized by parallel bedding, bedding together with clay-silt couplets; b: gray silt and clay interbedded, characterized by parallel bedding, bedding together with clay-silt couplets; c: gray silt and clay, characterized by parallel bedding, bedding together with clay-silt couplets; d: gray fine-grained sand; e: gray fine-grained sand, consisting of a large number of shells; f: gray fine-grained sand; g: gray medium-coarse–grained sand; h: gray coarse-grained sand; i: gray sandy gravel; j: gray sandy gravel; k: gray sandy gravel; l: purple medium fine-grained sandstone.
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图 3 YZSW4孔岩性、中值粒径、黏土、粉砂、砂质含量垂向分布特征
Figure 3. Stratigraphic column showing changes in clay content, silt content, sand content, and median grain size in core YZSW4
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图 4 红桥三角洲、黄桥亚三角洲主要钻孔11.0 ka以来的沉积速率
Figure 4. Sedimentation rate of the Hongqiao subdelta and Huangqiao subdelta since 11.0 ka
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图 5 长江三角洲下切河谷11.0、9.0、7.0、4.0 ka古地理图
红色虚线为海岸线。
Figure 5. The paleotopography of the Yangtze River Delta in 11.0 , 9.0 , 7.0 , 4.0 ka
Red dashed line represent the coastline.
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图 6 长江三角洲全新世以来千年尺度海岸线变化
Figure 6. The coastline change in Yangtze River Delta since 11.0 ka (transgression)
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图 7 全新世以来长江三角洲不同区域的平均沉积速率和岸线变迁
a, b, c, d, e分别显示11.0～9.0 ka，9.0～7.0 ka，7.0～4.0 ka，4.0～2.0 ka，和2.0～0 ka的沉积速率及岸线。
Figure 7. Average sedimentation rate and shoreline changes in different regions of the Yangtze River Delta
a, b, c, d, e show sedimentation rate and shoreline of 11.0～9.0 ka, 9.0～7.0 ka, 7.0～4.0 ka, 4.0～2.0 ka, and 2.0～0 ka, respectively.
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图 8 长江三角洲东西向联合剖面（钻孔位置图见图1b）
Figure 8. West-east inter-well stratigraphic sections showing lithology, sedimentary facies, and age distribution in the Yangtze River Delta (see Fig.1b for the location of the boreholes)
表 1 YZSW4孔AMS 14C 年龄
Table 1 The AMS 14C ages dated from core YZSW4
样品编号 深度/m 高程/m 测年材料 AMS14C (1σ)/a BP 日历校正年龄/cal.aBP 2σ 范围 中间值 YZSW4-1 7.04 −0.35 植物碎片 2835 ±303008 ～2858 2933 YZSW4-2 14.32 −7.63 植物碎片 3085 ±303372 ～3216 3294 YZSW4-3 24.85 −18.16 植物碎片 2900 ±303160 ～2955 3058 YZSW4-4 25.45 −18.76 贝壳 5250 ±305767 ～5011 5389 YZSW4-5 27.05 −20.36 贝壳 4555 ±354956 ～4143 4550 YZSW4-6 27.25 −20.56 贝壳 4360 ±354731 ～3889 4310 YZSW4-7 28.83 −22.14 贝壳 4915 ±355420 ～4630 5025 YZSW4-8 35.34 −28.65 植物碎片 8670 ±509771 ～9537 9654 YZSW4-9 37 −30.31 植物碎片 8050 ±509033 ～8722 8878 YZSW4-10 46.2 −39.51 植物碎片 9420 ±5010774 ～10506 10640 
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表 2 长江三角洲下切河谷钻孔基本信息
Table 2 The basic information of cores in the incised valley of the Yangtze River delta
钻孔号 位置 高程/m 资料来源 钻孔号 位置 高程/m 资料来源 YZSW4 32.2575°N、119.3752°E 6.691 本研究 CJK09 30.91°N、122.25°E −11 [14] YZQK2 32.6089°N、119.6606°E 3.32 [5] CJK11 31.33°N、122.45°E −21 YZQK3 32.3717°N、119.5511°E 4.58 CJK10 30.61°N、122.6°E −25.3 YZSW2 32.4047°N、119.8214°E 9.91 H5 31.6567°N、122.15°E −6.11 [16] TZK6 32.45°N、120.1333°E 5.531 [21] ECS0702 31°N、122.67°E −22 [13] TZK2 32.3167°N、120.0833°E 4.63 CSJA6 32°N、120.3°E 5 [37] TZK1 32.0667°N、120.1833°E 3.349 HZK2 31.6236°N、122.007°E −5 [38] SPM1 32.7275°N、120.2197°E 5.535 [6] HZK8 31.1728°N、122.348°E −5 [22] PM4 32.5667°N、119.9333°E 1.758 [32] HZK11 30.6667°N、122.095°E −11 TZK3 32.3833°N、120.0833°E 5.687 [33] EGQD14 31.8932°N、121.617°E 3 [19] XJ03 32.3097°N、119.29556°E 4.8 [34] NT 32.0657°N、120.8567°E 3.99 [39] HQ98 32.25°N、120.2333°E 5.91 [11] HZK1 31.6906°N、121.7134°E −5 CM97 31.6167°N、121.3833°E 2.48 HM 31.957°N、121.0928°E 3.36 [17] JS98 32.0833°N、121.0833°E 4.2 CD 31.4044°N、120.844°E 2 [40] ZK01 31.8406°N、121.5567°E 2.05 [15] CXS 31.3789°N、120.792°E 2 ZK02 31.8797°N、121.1583°E 2.33 SQ 31.1972°N、121.107°E 2 [41] SD 32.3383°N、120.7792°E 4.87 [18] GFL 31.0644°N、121.192°E 1.4 [42] CJK07. 31.15°N、122.4°E −45.4 [14] TL 30.8867°N、121.312°E 2 [41] CJK08 30.97°N、122.92°E −41 [35] YZ–1 31.13361°N、121.1839°E 0.717 [43] ZK9 30.8°N、122.4°E −12.5 [36] T8 32.5833°N、120.817°E 6.5 [44]
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表 3 黄桥亚三角洲、红桥亚三角洲全新世以来的沉积环境和沉积速率
Table 3 Sedimentary environment and sedimentation rate of Huangqiao body and Hongqiao body since the Holocene
mm/a 位置 钻孔号 11.0～9.0 ka 9～7 ka 7～4 ka 4～0 ka 沉积速率 沉积环境 沉积速率 沉积环境 沉积速率 沉积环境 沉积速率 沉积环境 红桥亚三角洲北侧 YZQK2 0.50 陆相 5.10 盐沼 0.30 陆相 0.30 陆相 红桥亚三角洲 YZSW4 5.20 河床相 2.30 河口湾 3.60 三角洲前缘 5.60 三角洲平原 YZQK3 3.30 盐沼 1.70 河口湾 7.30 三角洲前缘 1.70 三角洲平原 YZSW2 13.20 潮汐河道 3.00 河口湾 6.40 三角洲前缘 1.20 三角洲平原 XJ03 4.00 河漫滩、潮汐河道 1.90 河口湾 3.70 三角洲前缘 1.80 三角洲平原 黄桥亚三角洲北侧 SPM1 1.20 陆相 1.20 湖相 0.60 湖相、盐沼、潮上带 0.60 泻湖、湖相. PM4 0.30 陆相 0.30 湖相 0.40 盐沼、湖相 0.20 潮上带、河漫滩、湖相 黄桥亚三角洲主体 TZK6 0.30 河漫滩 0.30 河漫滩 2.40 三角洲前缘 1.00 三角洲平原 TZK2 8.20 河漫滩、潮汐河道 2.50 河口湾 6.00 三角洲前缘 0.70 三角洲平原 HQ98 7.50 河漫滩、潮汐河道 2.00 河口湾 7.50 三角洲前缘 1.05 三角洲平原 TZK3 4.10 河床相、潮汐河道 1.60 河口湾 9.00 三角洲前缘 0.70 三角洲平原 沿江 TZK1 2.70 河床、潮汐河道 1.90 河口湾 1.30 河口湾 6.80 潮汐河道 亚三角洲主体及
沿江平均值4.21 1.98 4.04 1.80
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表 4 长江三角洲不同区域的平均沉积速率
Table 4 Average sedimentation rate in different regions of the Yangtze River Delta
mm/a 位置 年代/ka 11.0～9.0 9.0～7.0 7.0～4.0 4.0～2.0 2.0～0 红桥亚三角洲 6.4 2.2 5.2 3.4 1.8 黄桥亚三角洲 4.6 1.7 5.2 2.3 1.8 金沙亚三角洲 2.8 7.0 1.0 5.0 7.3 海门亚三角洲 3.3 4.3 2.0 6.5 6.6 崇明亚三角洲 6.7 2.2 1.6 1.1 7.9 启东 2.2 2.3 3.5 5.6 7.5 长江口外 3.9 3.1 1.9 1.5 4.0 太湖东侧 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.3
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