Differences in sedimentary dynamic processes between summer typhoons and winter cold waves on the inner shelf of the East China Sea: Insights from in-situ observations
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摘要: 在全球变暖的背景下，台风活动在未来如何发展是关系到人类社会安全的重大问题之一。受器测记录时间长度的限制，我们对于台风长期的发展与演化机制的认识还不充分。从东海内陆架泥质区的沉积记录中提取台风信息，是了解几千年来影响我国的台风演变规律的有效手段。但是，其他极端事件，尤其是冬季寒潮，会影响台风沉积事件识别的准确性。台风与冬季寒潮大风沉积事件的辨识也是台风活动重建的难点之一。利用布放在东海内陆架泥质区的四脚架观测系统，分别获取了台风“天鹅”和冬季寒潮大风期间的海水温度、盐度、悬浮体浓度和海流等数据，并结合近海观测浮标的风速、风向和波浪等数据，探讨了台风与冬季寒潮沉积动力过程的差异。结果表明，台风与冬季寒潮在风向、有效波高和近底层流速变化上有一定的相似性，但是台风较高的强度更容易引起近底层沉积物的再悬浮；台风经过时，高浓度悬浮体主要来自海底沉积物的再悬浮，而冬季寒潮期间高浓度悬浮体与长江入海物质的输入有关。由于台风和冬季寒潮近底层海流流向的差异，在东海内陆架泥质区向海一侧边缘沉积记录中的砂层可能代表了台风事件沉积，是研究台风活动规律的良好研究材料。研究结果为从东海泥质区沉积记录中提取更准确的台风信息提供了科学参考。Abstract: One of the major challenges addressing human life safety in the context of global warming is how typhoon activity may develop in the future. Our understanding of typhoon long-term development and evolution mechanisms is limited by the duration of instrumental recording. Extraction of typhoon information from sedimentary records in the muddy area of the East China Sea inner shelf is an effective method for understanding the evolution patterns of typhoons that have impacted China over the past thousands of years. The precision of typhoon event detection, however, might be affected by other extreme events, such as winter cold waves. One of the difficulties in reconstructing typhoon activity is to identify typhoon and winter cold wave deposition events. Using a quadripod observation system placed in the muddy area of the East China Sea inner shelf, seawater temperature, salinity, suspended sediment concentration, and currents during Typhoon Goni and winter cold waves were measured, and the differences in sedimentary dynamic processes between typhoons and winter cold waves were then discussed by combining wind speed, wind direction, and wave data from offshore observation buoys. Observations on typhoons and winter cold waves showed certain similarities in the changes in wind direction, significant wave height, and near-bottom current velocity, but typhoons′ higher strength made it easier to resuspend seabed sediments. Typhoon-related high suspended sediment concentrations are mostly caused by the resuspension of seabed sediments, whereas high suspended sediment concentrations during winter cold waves are primarily caused by Yangtze River discharge. Sand layers in the sedimentary record of the seaward side edge of the inner shelf muddy area in the East China Sea are likely to represent typhoon event deposition because of the difference in the direction of the near-bottom current between typhoons and winter cold waves. Therefore, event deposition layers are good research materials for studying the variation patterns of typhoon activity. The findings of this study can be used as a scientific reference for extracting more accurate typhoon information from sedimentary records of the muddy area in the East China Sea.
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Keywords:
- typhoon /
- winter cold wave /
- in-situ observation /
- East China Sea
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图 1 四脚架站位分布图及结构示意图
a： 四脚架站位分布图，绿色和蓝色阴影代表2015年台风“苏迪罗”和“天鹅”中心距离四脚架最近时七级风圈的影响范围，台风路径数据引自网站http://typhoon.weather.com.cn/，红色等值线为东海楔形泥质体等厚图，修改自文献[21]；b： 2015年夏季和2019年冬季四脚架布放站位表层沉积物的粒度分布，修改自文献[33]；c： 四脚架结构示意图，修改自文献[7]。
Figure 1. Distribution of the quadripod stations and its structure
a: Distribution of the quadripod stations. Green and blue areas represent the influence range of the category 7 wind circle when the center of Typhoon Soudelor and Goni was closest to the quadripod. Data of the typhoons are from website http://typhoon.weather.com.cn/. The isopach map of the Yangtze River-derived sediment is modified from reference [21]; b: grain size distribution of surface sediments at the quadripod deployment stations in the summer of 2015 and the winter of 2019 (modified from reference [33]); c: structure schematic of the quadripod (modified from reference [7]).
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图 2 四脚架观测期间俯仰角和翻滚角变化
a： 2015年台风“天鹅”期间， b： 2019年冬季寒潮期间。橙色长方形区域为本文用于分析的数据。
Figure 2. Changes in pitch and roll angles recorded by the quadripod
a: During the Typhoon Goni in 2015,b: during winter cold waves in 2019.Data in the orange rectangular area were used in this study.
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图 3 东海站6号和20号近海浮标观测数据
蓝色阴影代表台风“天鹅”中心距离四脚架最近的时期。
Figure 3. Observation data recorded by offshore buoys No. 6 and No. 20 in the East China Sea
Blue shade represents the period when the center of Typhoon Goni was closest to the quadripod.
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图 4 OBS浊度与悬浮体浓度室内标定结果
Figure 4. Laboratory calibration curve of OBS turbidity with suspended sediment concentration
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图 5 四脚架记录的2015年台风“天鹅”和2019年冬季寒潮期间的流速、悬浮体浓度、温度、盐度以及近底层沿岸方向和垂直岸线方向的流速
风速和风向为东海站6号及20号观测浮标的记录。
Figure 5. Current, suspended sediment concentration, seawater temperature, salinity, along-shelf and across-shelf current velocity at near-bottom layer during the Typhoon Goni in 2015 and winter cold waves in 2019 recorded by the quadripod
Wind speed and direction were recorded by offshore buoys No. 6 and No. 20 in the East China Sea.
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图 6 2015年台风“天鹅”和2019年冬季寒潮期间四脚架记录的近底层流速玫瑰图
Figure 6. Rose histograms of near-bottom currents recorded by the quadripod during the Typhoon Goni in 2015 and winter cold waves in 2019
表 1 东海站6号和20号浮标分别在2015年台风“天鹅”和2019年冬季寒潮期间的观测数据
Table 1 Observation data of buoys No. 6 and No. 20 in the East China Sea during Typhoon Goni in 2015 and winter cold waves in 2019, respectively
观测指标 2015年8月 2019年11—12月 范围 平均值 范围 平均值 有效波高/m 1.6～4.5 3.0 1.1～3.9 2.2 有效波周期/s 7.0～26.9 8.6 4.4～8.1 6.2 10分钟平均风速/(m/s) 5.7～18.9 11.4 10.8～18.0 13.2 10分钟平均风向/(°) 0～359.0 226.6 1.0～358.0 254.1 流速/(cm/s) 16.2～78.3 42.0 0.8～68.6 19.2 流向/(°) 0～346.0 209.4 0～359.0 133.7 
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表 2 四脚架在2015年台风“天鹅”和2019年冬季寒潮期间的观测数据
Table 2 Observation data of quadripod during Typhoon Goni in 2015 and winter cold waves in 2019
观测指标 2015年8月 2019年11—12月 范围 平均值 范围 平均值 流速/(cm/s) 3.6～55.2 29.1 6.7～64.7 29.3 悬浮体浓度/(mg/L) 56.4～1691.9 606.6 27.3～823.7 149.8 沿岸方向流速/(cm/s) −42.7～24.4 −12.9 −42.1～60.7 13.0 垂直岸线方向流速/(cm/s) −39.4～46.0 6.4 −36.0～44.3 −2.9 注：流速沿岸向西南方向为正值，垂直岸线向海方向为正值。
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