Seismic reflection characteristics and formation mechanism of Cenozoic igneous rocks in the Xisha Islands
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摘要:
南海西北部新生代以来发育了丰富的岩浆活动，记录了南海构造演化及其深部动力学过程的重要信息，然而南海西北部西沙岛礁区新生代岩浆岩地球物理特征研究相对薄弱。本研究通过地震剖面分析，结合前人地质和地球物理研究成果，识别了西沙岛礁区新生代岩浆岩反射特征和形态，圈定了研究区及其邻区新生代岩浆岩的分布范围并划分了期次，探讨了该地区新生代岩浆岩的形成机制。研究发现，西沙岛礁区发育了大量的新生代岩浆岩，以圆锥形的火山和岩浆侵入体为主，同时发育了丰富的以层状和碗状形态存在的火成岩席；相比于岛礁区东部，新生代岩浆岩在岛礁区西部及其外缘部分布较广，并受控于基底断裂的展布。根据地层与岩浆岩的接触关系,本研究将西沙岛礁区及其周缘的新生代岩浆活动划分为5个时期，包括裂陷期（23 Ma之前）、裂后期Ⅰ期（23～16 Ma）、裂后期Ⅱ期（16～5.5 Ma）、裂后期Ⅲ期（5.5～2.6 Ma）和裂后期Ⅳ期（2.6 Ma之后）。其中裂陷期岩浆活动十分薄弱，可能源自于裂陷期软流圈地幔减压熔融；而裂后期Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期岩浆活动极为强烈，这可能与哀牢山-红河断裂带及其向海延伸在5.5 Ma时期发生走滑反转和裂后期深部地幔岩浆物质上涌的综合作用有关。
Abstract:Magmatic activities are well developed in the northwestern South China Sea since the Cenozoic, which record important information on the tectonic evolution of the South China Sea and its deep dynamic processes. However, the studies of geophysical characteristics of the Cenozoic igneous rocks in the Xisha Islands of the northwestern South China Sea are still poor. Through analyzing seismic profiles and previous geological and geophysical results, we identified the seismic reflection characteristics and geometries of the igneous rocks, specified their distribution and active periods, and discussed their formation mechanisms. Results show that a large number of Cenozoic igneous rocks have developed in the Xisha Islands. These rocks are primarily consists of conical volcanoes and magmatic intrusives as well as abundant igneous sills, layered or bowl-shaped, and are more widely distributed in the western part and its outer edges of the islands region than those in the eastern part, along mostly the basement faults. According to the contact relationships between strata and igneous rocks, the Cenozoic igneous activities in the study region could be divided into five periods, i.e., the syn-rift period (before 23 Ma), post-rift period Ⅰ (23～16 Ma), post-rift period Ⅱ (16～5.3 Ma), post-rift period Ⅲ (5.3～2.6 Ma), and post-rift period Ⅳ (after 2.6 Ma). The magmatism in the syn-rift period was very weak and probably derived from the decompression melting of the asthenosphere during the rifting, while in the post-rift Ⅲ and Ⅳ periods were very intensive. We proposed that the significant igneous activities since the Pliocene in the Xisha region was probably cause by the interaction of the strike-slip reversal of the Ailao Shan-Red River fault zone and its seaward extension into the sea at ca. 5.5 Ma and the deep mantle upwelling during the post-rift period.
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图 4 穿过西沙岛礁区的北西-南东向地震剖面L1（a）和解释结果（b）以及局部位置放大图（c-f）
测线位置见图2。
Figure 4. Regional seismic profile (a) and its interpretation (b) across the Xisha Islands in NW-SE direction and detailed views of local areas (c-f)
Please see Figure 2 for the location.
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图 6 西沙岛礁区局部地震剖面解释结果
测线位置见图2。
Figure 6. Interpretations of local seismic profiles located in the Xisha Islands
Please see Figure 2 for the locations.
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图 5 穿过西沙岛礁区的南西-北东向地震剖面L2（a）和解释结果（b）以及局部位置放大图（c-f）
测线位置见图2。
Figure 5. Regional seismic profile (a) and its interpretation (b) across the Xisha Islands in SW-NE direction and detailed views of local areas (c-f)
Please see Figure 2 for the location.
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图 7 西沙岛礁区新生代岩浆岩分布图
黑色虚线表示北礁-玉琢礁-浪花礁分界线，划分了岛礁区岩浆岩在分界线两侧的分布特征。断裂展布改自文献[29,55]。
Figure 7. Distribution map of the Cenozoic igneous rocks in the Xisha Islands
Black dashed line represents the Beijiao-Yuzhou-Langhua Atolls borderline and the distribution of igneous rocks in the Xisha Islands on both sides of the borderline. The distribution of faults are modified from references [29,55].
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图 8 南海西沙岛礁区新生代岩浆活动形成机制示意图
Figure 8. The formation mechanism sketch map of the Cenozoic igneous activities in the Xisha Islands of the South China Sea
表 1 岩浆岩类型、几何形态和反射特征[54]
Table 1 Types, geometries, and seismic reflection features of the igneous rocks [51]
类型 几何模型 反射特征 火山 
出露海底，顶部呈圆锥或者尖顶状，内部杂乱反射，与周边地层层状反射区分明显，地层反射轴向上被明显牵引。 岩浆侵入体 
上覆岩层可呈圆锥、纺锤状或者桶状等，内部杂乱反射，与周边地层层状反射区分明显，上覆岩层被拱起形成背斜。 火成岩席 层状 
平行于或斜穿地层，具有强反射、高振幅和不连续的反射轴。 碗状 
呈碗状，具有强反射、高振幅和不连续的反射轴。 碟状 
呈碟状，具有强反射、高振幅和不连续的反射轴。 
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