Spatiotemporal distribution pattern and transport mechanism of suspended sediments in Longkou offshore under the action of tidal current
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摘要: 根据2015年1月与2017年5月两期大潮期27小时海流连续同步观测及悬浮泥沙资料，利用Morlet 小波分析与单宽悬沙通量机制分解法，结合潮流场特征，分析了龙口湾海域悬浮泥沙的时空分布特征，研究了潮流作用下的悬沙输运机制。结果表明，平面上，悬沙浓度在龙口湾内较低，湾口、湾外海域的的悬沙浓度相对较高；垂向上，研究区整体表现为悬沙浓度由底层向表层递减。潮周期尺度上，悬浮泥沙浓度峰值较流速峰值存在0.5～2 h的时间滞后；悬浮泥沙浓度在时间上的变化以12～16 h尺度为主要周期。季节尺度上，1月悬沙浓度远远大于5月。研究区内单宽输沙通量为1.21～239.77 g·s−1·m−1，整体上悬沙通量呈现出湾口最高、湾外开阔海域其次、湾内最低的分布格局。平流输运项（T1+T2）在悬沙输移中占绝对优势，潮致余流在悬沙输运起主要作用。季节上，1月份单宽输沙通量远远高于5月份，整体呈现出夏季落淤储沙而冬季再悬浮输沙的季节性输运特征。湾外海域悬浮泥沙大致向SW、S向输运，屺坶岛以北海域沿W、SW向屺坶岛头输运，进入湾内后，悬浮泥沙的输运沿人工岛北侧和西侧分为两支。研究区内，在海流、地形等的综合作用下，整体表现为由渤海向莱州湾的净输沙趋势。Abstract: Based on the data collected from tidal current observation and suspended sediment sampling at the coastal Longkou Bay, which had lasted for a total of 27 hours in January, and May 2017, the characteristics of tidal current field and the transport mechanism of suspended sediments were studied with the method of Morlet Wavelet Transform and flux mechanism analysis. The results show that the concentration of suspended sediments is lower within the bay, but relatively higher at the mouth and outside areas of the bay. Vertically, the concentration of suspended matters gradually decreases from the bottom to top. The peak of suspended sediment concentration has a half to two hour time lag behind the peak of current velocity, and the variation in suspended sediment concentration shows a cycle of 12～16 h variation. The net sediment transport rate ranges from 1.21 to 239.77 g·s−1·m−1. In general, the suspended sediment flux outside the bay is higher than that inside. In terms of seasonal variation, the suspended matters are far higher in January than that in May, indicating the seasonal transport characteristics: storage in summer and transport in winter. Suspended sediments move towards SW and S in offshore waters, while in the water to the north of the Qimu Island follow a W and SW path to the head of the island. When it comes into the bay, the transport of suspended sediment is separated into two branches along the north and west sides of the artificial island respectively. Under the joint effect of ocean current, topography and so on, the net sediment transport is mainly from the Bohai Sea to Laizhou Bay in the study area.
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图 2 各站位垂向平均潮流矢量图
Figure 2. The vector graph of depth-averaged tidal current at each station
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图 3 各站位悬浮泥沙平面分布图
Figure 3. The average suspended sediment concentration of each layers
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图 4 各站位流速和悬浮泥沙浓度随时间变化分布图
Figure 4. The time-based variation in current velocity and suspended sediment concentration
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图 7 悬沙输运项与垂向平均余流叠置图
（注：站位A1、A2、A3、A6、B4的悬沙输运项分别缩小至原来的1/10、1/5、1/2、1/5，站位A4、A5、A6扩大2.5倍。）
Figure 7. The vector graph of suspended sediment transport item and vertical average residual flow
表 1 各站位表中底层涨-落潮平均流速（cm/s）
Table 1 The average velocity of high and low tide at each station （cm/s）
站位 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 涨潮 表层 44.6 25.8 24.5 14.7 9.1 8.1 31.7 44.6 30.3 43.6 25.9 23.4 中层 42.6 23.8 21.9 7.1 8.8 7.9 30.3 28.4 25.5 38.7 20.4 21.4 底层 36.3 16.7 16.7 7.6 7.0 6.7 21.5 19.1 17.5 28.8 13.0 13.3 落潮 表层 32.8 14.0 19.4 8.7 7.2 6.1 27.7 39.6 32.8 41.9 25.7 32.9 中层 31.4 22.4 20.5 11.8 9.5 7.1 24.6 28.4 23.5 39.5 20.0 19.6 底层 28.2 16.6 16.3 9.0 8.4 5.7 19.7 18.7 17.8 26.0 11.4 8.9 
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表 2 各层位平均悬浮泥沙浓度（mg/L）
Table 2 The average suspended sediment concentration of each layers（mg/L）
层位 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 表层 53.3 65.8 49.8 23.6 22.9 16.4 中层 62.2 76.2 65.8 24.6 33.1 16.5 底层 79.7 90.0 76.9 41.2 31.9 19.9 层位 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 表层 13.6 15.4 19.7 15.6 10.7 15.9 中层 16.0 18.6 20.2 18.1 14.0 22.8 底层 19.3 20.3 22.8 20.1 17.4 19.2
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表 3 各站位最大流速、最大悬浮泥沙浓度
Table 3 The maximum suspended sediment concentration and velocity of each station
站位 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 流速/（cm/s） 91.1 126.1 46.5 23.0 19.0 24.0 55.33 65.33 55.67 121.0 47.0 69.67 悬沙浓度/（mg/L） 148.0 160.2 141.8 88.8 79.4 77.8 29.0 31.8 40.0 37.8 28.0 46.0
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表 4 各站位实测平均悬浮泥沙浓度与平均流速
Table 4 The average suspended sediment concentration and velocity of each station
站位 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 流速/（cm/s） 36.3 21.1 19.51 7.77 8.40 6.30 26.4 24.9 24.57 36.70 20.32 20.15 悬沙/（mg/L） 63.6 74.5 62.5 29.5 29.3 19.4 16.3 18.1 20.92 17.94 14.1 19.27
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表 5 1月各站悬沙输运项及单宽净输沙率
Table 5 Flux decomposition and sediment net transport rate in January
g·s−1·m−1 站位 T1 T2 T1+T2（%） T3+T4 T5（%） T6+T7+T8 T A1 230.77 9.83 240.22（100.2） 0.65 3.77（1.6） 0.15 239.77 A2 99.05 4.67 103.09（104.6） 1.27 6.12（6.2） 0.18 98.60 A3 19.49 10.91 24.40（103.6） 1.76 1.78（7.6） 0.69 23.55 A4 1.65 0.54 1.16（95.9） 0.17 0.29（7.6） 0.20 1.21 A5 3.81 0.10 3.86（97.6） 0.03 0.17（4.3） 0.04 3.96 A6 2.56 1.53 1.59（81.5） 0.59 0.04（2.2） 0.03 1.95 注：T1-T8为具有方向的矢量值，因此，部分悬沙输运项在净输沙率（T）中占的比例大于100%。
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表 6 5月各站悬沙输运项及单宽净输沙率
Table 6 Flux decomposition and sediment net transport rate in May
g·s−1·m−1 站位 T1 T2 T1+T2/% T3+T4 T5/% T6+T7+T8 T B1 20.84 0.47 21.19（102.6） 0.08 1.63（7.9） 0.02 20.66 B2 18.81 0.96 18.53（112.5） 0.07 2.06（12.5） 0.07 16.47 B3 12.63 0.63 13.18（100.0） 0.15 0.24（1.8） 0.02 13.17 B4 64.72 1.98 64.86（105.0） 1.79 1.97（2.4） 0.14 61.78 B5 5.60 0.68 5.73（110.0） 0.11 0.85（16.4） 0.03 5.21 B6 5.68 0.72 5.33（127.6） 0.05 1.95（46.7） 0.05 4.17 注：T1-T8为具有方向的矢量值，因此，部分悬沙输运项在净输沙率（T）中占的比例大于100%。
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