Variation and influencing factors of δ13C and δ18O in the inner and outer layers of modern Tridacna squamosa from the Xisha Islands, South China Sea
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摘要:
砗磲具有清晰的生长纹层，是记录热带海洋气候变化的良好载体，其壳体δ18O、δ13C已广泛应用于第四纪古气候研究。然而，目前大多数研究主要集中在内层壳体，关于外层壳体的研究十分稀少。本研究通过对采自南海西沙群岛浪花礁一个现代鳞砗磲的内外层壳体进行月分辨率δ18O、δ13C测试和内壳日生长纹层扫描，分析内外层壳体δ18O和δ13C的变化特征及其影响因素。结果显示该砗磲外壳δ18O比内壳δ18O更加偏正，但是两者都具有十分相似的变化特征，主要受到海表面温度的控制，表明砗磲内外层壳体δ18O能够可靠地指示气候环境的变化。砗磲内外层壳体δ13C存在较大的差异，其中内壳δ13C具有明显的年周期变化。通过对比分析砗磲内壳δ13C与日生长速率、气候环境参数，发现内壳δ13C的季节变化主要与初级生产力和砗磲自身生命活动有关。砗磲外壳δ13C相对于内壳δ13C较为偏负，表现出持续下降的趋势，且无季节性变化，这可能是由采样路径偏离最大生长轴导致的。
Abstract:Tridacna shells, known for their distinct growth bands, serve as excellent proxies for recording tropical marine climate changes. The δ18O and δ13C in Tridacna shells have been applied in the Quaternary paleoclimate research. However, most previous researches focused on the inner layer, while the outer layer received less attention. We conducted a comprehensive analysis at a monthly resolution δ18O, δ13C tests on both the inner and outer layers, as well as daily growth band scans on the inner layer of modern Tridacna squamosa from the Xisha Islands in the South China Sea. Results reveal that the outer layer exhibited higher δ18O values than the inner layer. In addition, both shells displayed similar variation patterns, being primarily influenced by sea surface temperature (SST), and indicating that the δ18O of the outer layer could reliably indicate climate and environmental changes. In contrast, significant differences in δ13C value were observed between the inner and outer layers. The inner layer displayed a noticeable annual cycle in δ13C value. By comparing the inner layer δ13C, climatic and environmental parameters, and daily growth rate (DGR), we determined that the seasonal variations in inner layer δ13C were linked to the primary productivity and the life activities of Tridacna. Meanwhile, the δ13C of the outer layer, which is relatively negative compared to the inner layer, exhibited a continuous downward trend without seasonal changes. This discrepancy may be attributed to the sampling path deviating from the maximum growth axis.
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Keywords:
- Tridacna /
- δ13C /
- δ18O /
- climate change /
- South China Sea
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图 1 砗磲样品及其地理位置
a：浪花礁位置示意图（红点）（图片来源：Ocean Data View）；b：现代鳞砗磲LHJ-2壳体（黑色虚线为壳体最大生长轴）；c：外壳取样路径（红色虚线），黑色虚线为内层、外层和转换层的分界线；d：内壳日生长纹层，e：内壳取样路径（红色实线）。
Figure 1. Tridacna samples and the geographical location
a: A schematic diagram of the location of the Bombay Reef (red dot) (Photo source: Ocean Data View)； b: the modern Tridacna shell LHJ-2 (the black dotted line represents the maximum growth axis of the shell); c: outer layer sampling path (red dotted line). The black dotted line is the boundary between the inner layer and the hinge and outer layer; d: daily growth layer of the inner layer; e: inner layer sampling path (red solid line).
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图 2 2013—2018年砗磲的月平均碳、氧同位素记录、日生长速率与当地气候环境参数对比
a：海表面温度，b：日照时数，c：太阳辐射，d：海表风速，e：叶绿素浓度，f：降水量，g：内壳δ18OIL，h：外壳δ18OOL，i：内壳δ13CIL，j：外壳δ13COL，k：内壳月均日生长速率。
Figure 2. Comparison among the monthly average carbon and oxygen isotope records, daily growth rate of Tridacna, and local environmental parameters from 2013 to 2018
a: Sea surface temperature, b: sunlight durations, c: solar radiation, d:sea surface wind speed, e: chlorophyll concentration, f: rainfall, g: inner layer δ18OIL, h: outer layer δ18OOL, i: inner layer δ13CIL, j: outer layer δ13COL, k: average daily growth rate of the inner layer in every month.
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图 3 砗磲日生长速率（DGR）和太阳辐射的关系
a：2018-12-18—2019-2-28的太阳辐射与最后30个DGR的滑动平均相关性分析，红色条形柱代表的日期为2018-12-18，相关系数为 r = 0.47, p < 0.5, n = 73；b： 2018-11-19—2018-12-18的太阳辐射和DGR的对比。
Figure 3. The relationship between the daily growth rate (DGR) of Tridacna and solar radiation
a: The sliding correlation analysis of the last 30 values of DGR and corresponded solar radiation from 18 December 2018 to 28 February 2019. The date represented by the red bar column is 18 December 2018, and the correlation coefficients are r = 0.47, p<0.5, n = 73; b: comparison between solar radiation and DGR from 19 November 2018 to 18 December 2018.
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图 4 样品LHJ-2 内外层壳体δ18O、SST以及δ18OSW之间的关系
a：内壳δ18OIL（红色圆圈）和外壳δ18OOL（黑色圆圈），b：海表盐度，c：海水δ18OSW，d：（δ18OIL−δ18OSW）（绿色圆圈）、SST（灰色圆圈），e：（δ18OOL−δ18OSW）（紫色圆圈），SST（灰色圆圈），f：SST与（δ18OIL−δ18OSW）的线性关系，g： 2013—2018年月平均δ18OIL（红色圆圈）、（δ18OIL−δ18OSW）（绿色圆圈）和δ18OSW（蓝色圆圈），h： SST与（δ18OOL−δ18OSW）的线性关系，i： 2013—2018年月平均δ18OOL（黑色圆圈）、（δ18OOL−δ18OSW）（紫色圆圈）和δ18OSW（蓝色圆圈）。
Figure 4. The relationship among δ18O, SST and δ18OSW in the inner and outer layers of the sample LHJ-2
a: Inner layer δ18OIL (red circle) and outer layer δ18OOL (black circle), b: sea surface salinity, c: seawater δ18OSW, d: (δ18OIL−δ18OSW) (green circle), SST(grey circle), e: (δ18OOL−δ18OSW) (purple circle), SST(grey circle), f: the linear relationship between SST and (δ18OIL−δ18OSW), g: the monthly average of δ18OIL (red circle), (δ18OIL−δ18OSW) (green circle) and δ18OSW (blue circle) from 2013 to 2018, h: the linear relationship between SST and (δ18OOL−δ18OSW), i: the monthly average of δ18OOL (black circle), (δ18OOL−δ18OSW) (purple circle) and δ18OSW (blue circle) from 2013 to 2018.
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图 5 2013—2018年西沙群岛环境参数与样品LHJ-2壳体δ13C的对比
a： SST，b：日照时数，c：内壳日生长速率，d：内外层壳体年生长速率，e：海表风速，f：叶绿素浓度，g： 内壳δ13C（黑色实心圆圈）、外壳δ13C（黑色空心圆圈）。
Figure 5. The comparison of environmental parameters with δ13C of LHJ-2 shell in Xisha Islands from 2013 to 2018
a: SST, b: sunlight durations, c: the daily growth rate of the inner layer, d: the annual growth rate of the inner and outer layers, e: sea surface wind speed, f: chlorophyll concentration, g: the δ13C of inner layer (black solid circle), the δ13C of outer layer (black hollow circle).
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图 6 样品LHJ-2内壳δ13CIL、日生长速率以及各环境参数之间的相关性
a： δ13CIL与SST，b： δ13CIL与日照时数，c： δ13CIL与叶绿素浓度，d： δ13CIL与海表风速，e： δ13CIL与日生长速率，f：日生长速率与SST，g： 日生长速率与太阳辐射，h： 日生长速率与日照时数，i：春夏季的δ13CIL与日生长速率，j：秋冬季的δ13CIL与日生长速率，k：春夏季的δ13CIL与叶绿素浓度，l：秋冬季的δ13CIL与叶绿素浓度。
Figure 6. The correlations of δ13CIL and daily growth rate of the LHJ-2 inner layer to the environmental parameters
a:δ13CIL and SST, b: δ13CIL and sunlight durations, c: δ13CIL and chlorophyll concentration, d: δ13CIL and sea surface wind speed, e: DGR and δ13CIL, f: DGR and SST, g: DGR and solar radiation, h: DGR and sunlight durations, i: δ13CIL and DGR in spring and summer, j: δ13CIL and DGR in autumn and winter, k: δ13CIL and chlorophyll concentration in spring and summer, l: δ13CIL and chlorophyll concentration in autumn and winter.
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图 7 样品LHJ-2外壳δ13COL与pCO2及其δ13C的对比
a：大气CO2浓度，b：大气CO2的δ13C，c： δ13COL，d： δ13COL与pCO2的相关性，e： δ13COL与大气CO2的δ13C的相关性。
Figure 7. Comparison among δ13COL in the LHJ-2 outer layer, pCO2, and δ13C of atmosphere
a: pCO2, b: δ13C of atmospheric CO2, c: δ13COL, d: the correlation between δ13COL and pCO2, e: the correlation between δ13COL and δ13C in atmospheric CO2.
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