Physical and chemical characteristics of surface sand in different types of dunes in Qingtu Lake, Gansu, NW China, and their environmental implications
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摘要:
沙丘表层沉积物的理化特征在揭示风沙的来源、沉积过程、风化作用等方面具有重要作用。本研究采用野外实地采样和实验室分析方法分析了甘肃青土湖地区不同类型沙丘表层沉积物的粒度和地球化学特征。结果表明：（1）青土湖地区沙丘表层沉积物以细砂为优势粒级，平均含量达72.08%，其次为极细砂，黏粒成分很少。频率分布曲线为单峰分布，概率累积曲线表现为三段式，反映出沉积环境较为稳定。（2）研究区沙丘表层沉积物常量元素以SiO2为主，平均含量为76.40%，其次为Al2O3和CaO，平均含量分别为5.05%、3.74%。微量元素以Cr、Mn、Co、Sr、Ba、Ti、Ce和P为主，平均含量均＞100 mg/L。（3）Y、Zr和Y/Zr、Rb/Zr双变量图、A-CNK-FM图解表明巴丹吉林沙漠和腾格里沙漠为其沙源。风沙搬运过程中的磨蚀、风选作用是研究区富集Fe、Mg元素的主要原因。此外，下伏湖相沉积物就地起砂，石羊河冲积物也为其提供了部分沙物质。（4）A-CN-K和A-CNK-FM三角模式图表明研究区风化程度较弱，处于初期脱Na、Ca阶段。在沙丘固定过程中成土作用增强但淋溶作用减小，这是由于植被的影响导致半固定、固定沙丘Na、Ca含量较高。
Abstract:The physical and chemical imprints of surface sediments bear key information of the origination, sedimentation, and weathering of sand. Field sampling and laboratory analysis were conducted to investigate the grain size and geochemical characteristics of surface sediment with various types of sand in the Qingtu Lake, Gansu, NW China. Results show that the surface sediment is dominated by fine sand, taking an average content of 72.08%, followed by very fine sand and a minimal amount of clay. The frequency distribution curve exhibits a unimodal distribution, while the cumulative probability curve shows a three-portion pattern, indicating a relatively stable sediment environment. The predominant constant elements are mainly SiO2, occupying 76.40% in average and then Al2O3 and CaO, for 5.05% and 3.74%, respectively. The trace elements consist mainly of Cr, Mn, Co, Sr, Ba, Ti, Ce, and P, in average concentration of over 100 mg/L. The two-variable chart (Y verse Zr, Y/Zr verse Rb/Zr) and the A-CNK-FM graph demonstrate that the Badain Jaran Desert and Tengger Desert were key sand sources for the study area. The abrasion and wind erosion in sand transportation are the main factors affecting the distribution of Fe and Mg elements. In addition, lacustrine and alluvial deposits of the Shiyang River also provided a part of the sand source. The ternary diagrams A-CN-K and A-CNK-FM indicate that the study area experienced weaker wind levels during the early phases of de-Na and de-Ca processes. However, in the progress of sand fixation, pedogenesis was enhanced while eluviation was reduced due to the influence of vegetation, which caused semi-fixed and fixed sand with higher Na and Ca contents.
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Keywords:
- sand dune /
- grain size /
- geochemical elements /
- wind deposit /
- weathering /
- Qingtu Lake
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图 1 研究区概况图（A）及采样点分布（B）
BDJL：巴丹吉林沙漠南缘样品[17]，TGL：腾格里沙漠北缘样品[17]。a：固定沙丘，b：半固定沙丘，c：流动沙丘。
Figure 1. Overview of the research area (A) and the distribution of the sampling points (B)
BDJL: the southern edge of the Badain Jaran Desert [17]; TGL: the northern edge of Tengger Desert [17]. a: Fixed dune; b: semifixed dune; c: climbing dune.
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图 2 不同类型沙丘表层沉积物频率分布曲线
Figure 2. Frequency distribution curves of surface sediments of different types of dunes
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图 3 不同类型沙丘表层沉积物粒度概率累积曲线
Figure 3. Probability accumulation curves of surface sediments of different types of dunes
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图 4 不同类型沙丘表层沉积物UCC标准化图
a：常量元素，b：微量元素。
Figure 4. UCC standardized map of surface sediments from different types of dunes
a: Major element, b: trace element.
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图 5 不同类型沙丘表层沉积物化学风化参数相关性图
Figure 5. Correlation of chemical weathering parameters of surface sediments from different types of dunes
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图 6 不同类型沙丘表层沉积物粒度组成（a）及粒度参数（b）的显著性差异
*: P＜0.05; **:P＜0.01; ***: P＜0.001。
Figure 6. Significant differences in grain size composition (a) and parameters (b) of surface sediments from different types of dunes
*: P＜0.05; **:P＜0.01; ***: P＜0.001.
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图 7 不同类型沙丘表层沉积物常量元素（a）及微量元素（b、c）的显著性差异
*: P＜0.05; **:P＜0.01; ***: P＜0.001。
Figure 7. Significant differences of elements in surface sediments from different types of dunes
*: P＜0.05; **:P＜0.01; ***: P＜0.001.
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图 8 研究区与潜在沙源微量元素双变量图
a：Y、Zr双变量图， b：Y/Zr、Rb/Zr双变量图。 BDJL：巴丹吉林沙漠南缘样品[17]， TGL：腾格里沙漠北缘样品[17]。
Figure 8. Bivariate correlations of trace elements and potential sand origination
a: Y vs Zr,b:Y/Zr vs Rb/Zr. BDJL: the southern edge of the Badain Jaran Desert [17],TGL: the northern edge of Tengger Desert[17].
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图 9 A-CN-K和A-CNK-FM图解
Ka：高岭石，Gi：水铝矿，Chl：绿泥石，IL：伊利石，PI：斜长石，Sm：蒙脱石，Ks：钾长石，Fel：长石，Mu：白云母，Bi：黑云母，BDJL：巴丹吉林沙漠南缘样品[17]，TGL：腾格里沙漠北缘样品[17]，UCC：平均上陆壳[27]，PAAS：陆源页岩[28]。
Figure 9. A-CN-K and A-CNK-FM ternary diagrams
Ka: kaolinite, Gi: gibbsite, Chl: chlorite, IL: illite, PI: plagioclase, Sm: smectite, Ks: K-feldspar, Fel: feldspar, Mu: white mica, Bi: biotite, BDJL: Samples from the southern edge of the Badain Jaran Desert [17], TGL: Samples from the northern edge of Tengger Desert [17], UCC: average continental crust [27], PAAS: terrigenous shale [28].
表 1 不同类型沙丘的取样信息
Table 1 Information of sampling from different types of dunes
沙丘类型 位置 海拔/m 高度/m 底面直径/m 取样部位及编号 样品数/个 LDSQ1 39°8′1″N、103°38′27″E 1260 8 30 迎风坡：1-1、1-2、1-3、1-4、1-5
丘顶：1-6
背风坡：1-7、1-8、1-9、1-1010 LDSQ2 39°8′2″N、103°38′25″E 1265 6 20 迎风坡 ：2-1、2-2
丘顶：2-3
背风坡：2-4、2-55 BGDSQ 39°8′5″N、103°38′14″E 1258.1 2 5 迎风坡：3-1、3-2
丘顶：3-33 GDSQ 39°8′4″N、103°38′12″E 1257.2 4.6 6 迎风坡：4-1、4-2
丘顶：4-3
背风坡：4-4、4-55 
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表 2 不同类型沙丘表层沉积物粒度组成及粒度参数
Table 2 Composition and parameters of grain size in surface sediments from different types of dunes
沙丘类型 各粒级含量/% Mz/Φ σ/Φ Sk Kg 黏土 粉砂 极细砂 细砂 中砂 粗砂 LDSQ 0.03 0.78 10.56 80.59 7.79 0.25 2.46 0.43 0.02 0.97 BGDSQ 0.90 5.83 27.47 54.62 8.79 2.36 2.69 0.91 0.21 1.77 GDSQ 0.93 7.70 29.75 57.04 4.42 0.15 2.83 0.83 0.24 1.67 平均值 0.34 2.94 16.94 72.08 7.19 0.51 2.57 0.58 0.09 1.23
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表 3 不同类型沙丘表层沉积物常量元素组成
Table 3 Major elements in surface sediments of different types of dunes
% 沙丘类型 SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO K2O Na2O LDSQ 78.24 4.27 2.21 1.82 2.78 2.12 1.86 BGDSQ 74.12 6.05 2.11 5.91 2.71 2.21 1.91 GDSQ 74.08 6.02 2.10 6.28 2.88 2.24 2.26 平均值 76.40 5.05 2.16 3.74 2.80 2.17 1.98
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表 4 不同类型沙丘表层沉积物微量元素组成
Table 4 Trace elements in surface sediments of different types of dunes
mg/L 沙丘类型 La V Cr Mn Co Ni Cu Zn As Sr LDSQ 9.60 65.70 190.10 262.20 114.80 29.20 10.60 31.60 0.40 171.80 BGDSQ 9.67 96.67 102.00 270.33 84.00 11.67 10.67 32.00 0.67 407.33 GDSQ 9.40 102.20 119.00 266.80 80.80 6.60 10.80 33.40 0.80 457.80 平均值 9.56 81.00 155.67 264.83 100.22 20.00 10.67 32.17 0.53 290.50 沙丘类型 Pb Ba Ti Y Zr Rb Nb Ga Ce P LDSQ 14.90 222.20 1446.60 11.10 89.50 64.50 8.10 13.40 104.20 334.20 BGDSQ 14.00 310.00 1368.67 12.00 95.67 67.33 8.00 13.33 95.33 825.67 GDSQ 14.20 318.60 1405.40 12.40 100.80 71.40 8.60 13.80 98.00 834.40 平均值 14.56 263.61 1422.17 11.61 93.67 66.89 8.22 13.50 101.00 555.06
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