Late Quaternary paleoceanographic history of the Alpha Ridge, central Arctic Ocean based on ostracode records
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摘要: 基于北冰洋中部阿尔法脊ARC3-B84A岩芯（水深2280 m）中的介形虫化石群记录，重建了MIS 13期以来该海域的古海洋环境变迁。从该岩芯获取的介形虫壳瓣逾7000枚，包含8属11种。由介形虫丰度所代表的底栖生物古生产力在MIS 13–10期很低，进入MIS 9期之后显著升高。海冰指示种Acetabulastoma arcticum显示常年海冰很可能是在MIS 9期之后出现的。在所有属种中，北冰洋中层水（AIW）指示种Polycope spp.和北冰洋深层水（AODW）指示种Cytheropteron sedovi的个体数量最多，二者在岩芯中的百分含量呈负相关，它们与其他属种(Microcythere medistriatum, Pseudocythere caudata, Pedicythere spp., Cytheropteron scoresbyi, Cytheropteron higashikawai, Henryhowella asperrima)一起，揭示该岩芯站位经历了如下的水团变迁历史：最初处于AODW上部（MIS 13–12），之后被上涌的AODW下部所取代（MIS 11–10）；尔后，上方的AIW大幅下潜，取代了AODW（MIS 9期–MIS 5早期）；在MIS 5中–晚期，AODW下部快速上涌，取代了AIW；最终在MIS 4之后，水团定格在AODW上部。Abstract: The paleoceanographic history of the central Arctic Ocean since Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 13 was reconstructed based on ostracode assemblages in a gravity core from the Alpha Ridge (modern water depth 2280 m). Over 7000 ostracode valves, including 8 genera and 11 species, were obtained from the core. The biological productivity, as represented by ostracode abundance, is low during MIS 13-10 but is markedly high throughout MIS 9-1. The distribution of Acetabulastoma arcticum, a sea ice-dwelling species, indicates that perennial sea ice was probably absent during MIS 13-9. The ostracode assemblages are predominated by Polycope spp. (an indicator of Arctic Intermediate Water, AIW) and Cytheropteron sedovi (an indicator of Arctic Ocean Deep Water, AODW), and are accompanied by Microcythere medistriatum, Pseudocythere caudata, Pedicythere spp., Cytheropteron scoresbyi, Cytheropteron higashikawai, and Henryhowella asperrima. The relative frequencies (%) of Polycope spp. and Cytheropteron sedovi show inverse correlation throughout the core. The reconstructed paleo-watermass history is as follows: initially, the core site was occupied by the upper part of AODW (MIS 13-12) and lower part of AODW (MIS 11-10); after then, the overlying AIW shifted downward and took the place of AODW (MIS 9-early MIS 5); later, the lower part of AODW shifted up rapidly (middle to late MIS 5) and finally the upper part of AODW came to settle down at the site (MIS 4-1).
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Keywords:
- ostracode /
- paleoceanographic history /
- central Arctic Ocean /
- Alpha Ridge /
- Late Quaternary
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图 1 西北冰洋阿尔法脊B84A岩芯平面位置（a）以及在海洋水团中的位置（b）
淡黄色圆点表示本文提及的其他3个岩芯站位（详细信息见表1）。蓝色和粉红色点线分别表示1979—2006年间的平均海冰范围及近年（2012年数据）最小海冰范围[22]，浅白色阴影部分表示推定的更新世冰盖范围[23-24]。EAIS-欧亚冰盖，GIS-格陵兰冰盖，LIS-劳伦太德冰盖，ESIS-东西伯利亚冰盖，EI-埃尔斯米尔岛，CAA-加拿大北极群岛，CB-加拿大海盆，EB-欧亚海盆，MB-马卡罗夫海盆，AR-阿尔法脊，LR-罗蒙诺索夫脊，CP-楚科奇海台，NR-北风脊，BG-波弗特环流，TPD-穿极洋流，PSW-极地表层水，AW-大西洋水，AIW-北冰洋中层水，AODW-北冰洋深层水。
Figure 1. Location of core B84A in a map view (a) and cross section (b)
Section runs from the Eurasian Basin at point A, across to the Canada Basin at point B. The location where the core B84A was drilled is marked by red circle with white outline, and other cores mentioned in this paper are represented by light yellow circles (see Table 1 for more core information). Blue and pink dashed lines indicate climatological average (1979 to 2006) and recent minimum (2012) September sea ice extent, respectively[22]. Light shaded areas indicate tentative extent of Pleistocene glaciations around the Arctic Ocean[23-24]. Abbreviations: EAIS (Eurasian Ice Sheet), GIS (Greenland Ice Sheet), LIS (Laurentide Ice Sheet), ESIS (East Siberian Ice Sheet), EI (Ellesmere Island), CAA (Canadian Arctic Archipelago), CB (Canada Basin), EB (Eurasia Basin), MB (Makarov Basin), AR (Alpha Ridge), LR (Lomonosov Ridge), CP (Chukchi Plateau), NR (Northwind Ridge), BG (Beaufort Gyre), TPD (Transpolar Drift), PSW (Polar Surface Water), AW (Atlantic Water), AIW (Arctic Intermediate Water), and AODW (Arctic Ocean Deep Water).
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图 2 阿尔法脊B84A岩芯中介形虫标本扫描电子显微镜照片
a. Polycope biretculata Joy and Clark 1977，右壳瓣；b. Polycope inornata Joy and Clark 1977，右壳瓣；c. Polycope horida Joy and Clark 1977，右壳瓣；d. Polycope moenia Joy and Clark 1977，右壳瓣；e. Polycope arcys Joy and Clark 1977，左壳瓣；f. Acetabulastoma arctium Schornikov 1970，左壳瓣；g. Cytheropteron scoresbyi Whatley and Coles 1987，左壳瓣；h. Cytheropteron sedovi Schneider 1969，右壳瓣；i. Microythere medistriatum Joy and Clark 1977，左壳瓣；j. Pedicythere neofluitans Joy and Clark 1977，右壳瓣；k. Henryhowella asperrima (Reuss 1850)，右壳瓣；l. Pseudocyhere caudata Sars 1866，右壳瓣。
Figure 2. SEM photographs of ostracodes from core B84A
a. Polycope biretculata Joy and Clark 1977, RV; b. Polycope inornata Joy and Clark 1977, RV; c. Polycope horida Joy and Clark 1977, RV; d. Polycope moenia Joy and Clark 1977, RV; e. Polycope arcys Joy and Clark 1977, LV; f. Acetabulastoma arctium Schornikov 1970, LV; g. Cytheropteron scoresbyi Whatley and Coles 1987, LV; h. Cytheropteron sedovi Schneider 1969, RV; i. Microythere medistriatum Joy and Clark 1977, LV; j. Pedicythere neofluitans Joy and Clark 1977, RV; k. Henryhowella asperrima (Reuss 1850), RV; l. Pseudocyhere caudata Sars 1866, RV.
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图 3 B84A岩芯中介形虫主要属种在现代北冰洋的分布
BS：巴伦支海，N-GR：南森-迦凯脊，LR：罗蒙诺索夫脊，MR：门捷列夫脊，CB：加拿大海盆。
Figure 3. Distribution of key ostracode taxa in modern Arctic Ocean
Abbreviations: BS (Barents Sea), N-GR (Nansen-Gakkel Ridge), LR (Lomonosov Ridge), MR (Mendeleev Ridge), CB (Canada Basin).
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表 2 B84A岩芯中的介形虫优势种和常见种在现代北冰洋各水团中的百分含量
Table 2 Relative frequencies (%) of ostracode taxa, which are abundant or common in core B84A, in the Arctic water masses
种名 0～50 m
（PSW）50～200 m
（盐跃层）200～1000 m
（AW）1000～2 000 m
（AIW）＞2 000 m
（AODW）Polycope spp. 0.38 1.47 8.44 32.67 6.82 Microcythere medistriatum 0 0 0.20 2.07 1.92 Pseudocythere caudata 0.03 0.35 1.39 2.78 1.67 Pedicythere spp. 0 0.05 0.21 1.12 0.64 Henryhowella asperrima 0 0 0 1.42 2.90 Cytheropteron scoresbyi 0 0.39 3.64 8.05 10.47 Cytheropteron sedovi 0 0.02 1.11 9.72 19.16 Cytheropteron higashikawai 0 0.42 2.31 2.97 5.80 
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表 3 B84A岩芯中介形虫主要属种指示的水团及其在各时代的百分含量
Table 3 Correspondence of ostracode taxa with water masses, and their relative frequencies (%) in different times as recorded in core B84A
种名 对应的水团 MIS 13–12 MIS 11–10 MIS 9–6 MIS 5 MIS 4–1 Polycope spp. AIW 44.9 7.7 66.4 34.1 42.8 Cytheropteron sedovi AODW下部 40.6 71.7 15.9 40.1 11.4 Microcythere medistriatum AIW&AODW 0 0 1.3 1.1 4.0 Pseudocythere caudata AIW 0 0 2.6 0.9 0.9 Pedicythere spp. AIW 0 0.5 0.5 1.7 0.9 Henryhowella asperrima AODW上部 0 0 0 0 24.0 Cytheropteron scoresbyi AODW&AIW 4.3 12.8 4.4 5.4 3.1 Cytheropteron higashikawai AODW下部 0 1.4 0.7 1.8 4.4
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