Cross-shelf sediment transport and its regulatory mechanisms on the inner shelf of the East China Sea during typhoon events
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摘要:
跨陆架沉积物输运不仅是陆海相互作用的重要组成，而且是陆源沉积物“源-汇”过程的关键环节。作为一种天气尺度事件性过程，台风能够对陆架海洋沉积动力过程以及跨陆架沉积物输运格局产生不可忽视的影响。然而，受限于台风期间现场观测数据的稀缺性以及卫星资料的有效性，有关台风期间跨陆架沉积物输运仍然缺乏系统的研究。本文基于高分辨率FVCOM数值模型，对2015年超强台风“灿鸿”过境期间东海内陆架的跨陆架沉积物输运过程及其调控机制进行了研究。结果显示，台风能够引起东海内陆架海洋沉积动力过程的强烈响应，并产生显著的跨陆架离岸输运现象，悬沙通量较正常天气增加了2～3个数量级。该过程主要受控于两种因素：首先，台风期间持续性的水位堆积在近岸引起正压效应，产生经向上均一的跨陆架离岸输运，这是台风对沉积物跨陆架输运的间接影响；其次，旋转风场所激发的“齿轮效应”在台风路径两侧产生顺风向沉积物输运模式，左侧表现为离岸方向，右侧为向岸方向，此为台风对沉积物跨陆架输运的直接影响。两种机制叠加后共同控制着台风期间东海内陆架沉积物的跨陆架输运过程。
Abstract:The cross-shelf sediment transport is important in land-sea interactions and in terrigenous sediment source-to-sink cycle, which is significantly impacted by typhoons. However, despite the scarcity of in-situ observation and satellite data during typhoons, research on cross-shelf sediment transport during these synoptic weather events remains limited. Utilizing a high-resolution FVCOM model, we analyzed the cross-shelf sediment transport and its mechanisms on the inner shelf of the East China Sea (ECS) during Typhoon Chan-hom (2015). Results indicate that typhoons can cause intense responses in marine sediment dynamics and produce significant cross-shelf offshore sediment transport, with suspended sediment flux increase by 2～3 orders of magnitude compared to that under normal weather conditions. The transport is mainly controlled by two mechanisms: (1) the barotropic effect caused by continuous water level accumulation during typhoons, inducing uniform meridional offshore sediment transport, representing an indirect typhoon influence; (2) the "Ratchet Effect" triggered by the rotating wind field, resulting in a downwind sediment transport pattern on both side of the typhoon path, with offshore and onshore transport on the left and right sides, respectively, reflecting a direct typhoon influence. The combined effects of these two mechanisms orchestrate the cross-shelf sediment transport on the inner shelf of the ECS during typhoons.
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图 1 研究区地理位置及水深分布
a： 模型网格范围及“灿鸿”台风路径，b： 区域环流系统及东海内陆架泥质区位置。
Figure 1. Geographical location and water depth of the study area
a: Model grid and the path of Typhoon Chan-hom, b: regional circulation system and the location of the inner shelf of the East China Sea.
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图 4 正常天气与台风期间东海内陆架风场与波浪场（a、 d）、流场与底切应力（b、 e）、悬沙浓度（c、 f）空间分布
流场及悬沙浓度为垂向平均值，底切应力代表波-流共致底切应力。
Figure 4. Spatial distributions of wind and significant wave height (color image) (a, d), current and total bed shear stress (color image) (b, e), and suspended sediment concentration (c, f) on the inner shelf of the East China Sea during normal summer conditions (left panel) and typhoon periods (right panel)
The current and suspended sediment concentration are vertical-averaged values.
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图 5 东海内陆架50 m等深线处跨陆架流速(a)、悬沙浓度(b)及悬沙通量(c)时序变化
时间起点为2015年7月8日，流速及悬沙通量正值代表向海方向。
Figure 5. Temporal variations of cross-shelf current (a), suspended sediment concentration (b) and suspended sediment flux (c) along the 50-m isobath on the inner shelf of the East China Sea
The starting time is July 8, 2015. The positive values of current speed and suspended sediment flux represent the direction towards the sea.
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图 6 2015年7月8—15日东海内陆架50 m等深线处跨陆架悬沙通量EOF模态及其相应的调控机制
a： EOF第一模态；b： 台风路径两侧的正压效应，通过27°N、29°N处30 m与50 m等深线之间的水位差表示，其中加粗曲线代表滑动平均的结果；c： EOF第二模态；d： 28°N及29°N风场时序变化。
Figure 6. EOF modes of cross-shelf suspended sediment flux at the 50-m isobath on the inner shelf of the East China Sea from July 8 to 15, 2015 and their corresponding regulatory mechanisms
a: EOF Mode 1; b: barotropic effects along the flanks of the typhoon path, which is represented by the water level differences between 30-m and 50-m isobaths; the bold curve represents the result of running average; c: EOF Mode 2; d: temporal variations of wind at 28°N and 29°N.
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图 7 1997年8月14—21日东海内陆架50 m等深线处跨陆架悬沙通量EOF模态及其相应的调控机制
a：EOF第一模态；b： 台风路径两侧的正压效应，通过27°N、29°N处30 m与50 m等深线之间的水位差表示，其中加粗曲线代表滑动平均的结果；c： EOF第二模态；d： 28°N及29°N风场时序变化。
Figure 7. EOF modes of cross-shelf suspended sediment flux at the 50-m isobath on the inner shelf of the East China Sea from August 14 to 21, 1997 and their corresponding regulatory mechanisms
a: EOF Mode 1; b: barotropic effects along the flanks of the typhoon path, which is represented by the water level differences between 30-m and 50-m isobaths, and the bold curve represents the result of running average; c: EOF Mode 2; d: temporal variations of wind at 28°N and 29°N.
表 1 模拟结果与观测数据对比验证
Table 1 Comparison and validation of simulated results against observed data
潮位 流速 温度 盐度 有效波高 悬沙浓度 相关系数 0.96 0.84 0.87 0.86 0.94 0.85 标准差 1.08 0.94 1.07 0.94 1.26 1.25 均方根误差 0.30 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.46 0.65 
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表 2 东海内陆架50 m等深线不同时段跨陆架沉积物输运对比
Table 2 Comparison of cross-shelf sediment transport at the 50 m isobath on the inner shelf of the East China Sea in different periods
天气状况 跨陆架悬沙通量/(t/d) 26°N 27°N 28°N 29°N 30°N 正常天气 −6.9 15.1 −4.8 −0.4 −3.0 台风期间 256.6 359.4 1509.0 1271.8 528.8
下载: 导出CSV
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