四川省旧石器—青铜器时期遗址空间分布及其影响因素

张海鹏, 刘维明, 赵慧敏, 叶哲隆, 潘美慧

张海鹏,刘维明,赵慧敏,等. 四川省旧石器—青铜器时期遗址空间分布及其影响因素[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质,2025,45(1): 188-198. DOI: 10.16562/j.cnki.0256-1492.2024031802
引用本文: 张海鹏,刘维明,赵慧敏,等. 四川省旧石器—青铜器时期遗址空间分布及其影响因素[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质,2025,45(1): 188-198. DOI: 10.16562/j.cnki.0256-1492.2024031802
ZHANG Haipeng,LIU Weiming,ZHAO Huimin,et al. The Paleolithic-Bronze age sites in Sichuan Province: Distribution and influencing factors[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology,2025,45(1):188-198. DOI: 10.16562/j.cnki.0256-1492.2024031802
Citation: ZHANG Haipeng,LIU Weiming,ZHAO Huimin,et al. The Paleolithic-Bronze age sites in Sichuan Province: Distribution and influencing factors[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology,2025,45(1):188-198. DOI: 10.16562/j.cnki.0256-1492.2024031802

四川省旧石器—青铜器时期遗址空间分布及其影响因素

基金项目: 第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目专题“重大山洪灾害及风险”(2019QZKK0903);中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所科研项目“水电工程区地表灾害与风险防控”(IMHE-ZDRW-03);国家自然科学基金面上项目“雅鲁藏布江中游古高能溃决洪水事件及其地貌响应”(42071017)
详细信息
    作者简介:

    张海鹏(1998—),男,硕士研究生,环境地理学专业,E-mail:2023212947@nwnu.edu.cn

    通讯作者:

    刘维明(1982—),男,博士,研究员,主要从事山地灾害评估、勘察与防治等研究,E-mail:liuwm@imde.ac.cn

    潘美慧(1983—),女,博士,副教授,主要从事环境变化及沙漠化防治等研究,E-mail:panmh@nwnu.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: P531

The Paleolithic-Bronze age sites in Sichuan Province: Distribution and influencing factors

  • 摘要:

    史前遗址作为研究人类文明传承的重要依据,了解其时空分布及影响因素,有助于揭示古人类遗址点选址的规律和人地关系的演变特征。四川省地貌复杂,西部为山地,中部为平原,东部以丘陵为主,研究不同时期遗址的分布,更能揭示不同生业模式下古人类对环境的适应策略。本文利用GIS对收集整理的四川省旧石器至青铜器时期共计151处遗址数据进行空间分析,利用二元逻辑回归建立各时期遗址分布模型,研究了高程、坡度、水系、地貌与遗址分布之间的关系。结果发现:①四川省旧石器—青铜器时期遗址分布方向总体由EW向过渡到EN-WS向,核密度值随时间推移逐渐增大,证明遗址分布呈现集聚现象。从旧石器时期至青铜器时期,遗址分布逐渐由分散的多核心布局演化为以成都平原为中心的单核心布局。②利用二元逻辑回归建立各时期遗址分布模型,其中距水距离是影响四川省旧石器时期和新石器时期遗址点分布的主要因素,坡度是影响四川省青铜器时期遗址分布的最大诱因。③四川省旧石器—青铜器时期,古人类生业模式经历了3次大的变迁。生业模式的变化促使古人类对生存环境做出不同的适应策略。

    Abstract:

    Prehistoric sites are important basis for understanding the inheritance of human civilization, their spatial-temporal distribution, and influencing factors on the formation, thus to reveal the rules of site selection, the evolution of human-land interactions, and the adaptation strategies of remote ancestors under different modes of production. The geomorphology of Sichuan Province is complex: many mountain ranges in the west, vast plains in the central regions (e.g., Chengdu Plain), and hills in the east. GIS was used to analyze the data from 151 sites built during the Paleolithic to Bronze Age, from which the distribution model of the sites in each period was established by using binary logistic regression, and the relationships of elevation, slope, water system, and geomorphology versus the distribution of the sites were explored. Results show that the distribution of these sites shifted from in EW direction to in NE-SW direction, and the kernel density value gradually increased over time, which proves that the distribution of the sites shows the phenomenon of agglomeration. The site distribution gradually evolved from a scattered multi-centered pattern to a single-centered pattern such as shown in the Chengdu Plain. The distribution pattern of the sites in each ancient period was analyzed using binary logistic regression, and we found that the distance from water sources was the main factor on the site selection during the Paleolithic-Neolithic times, and the slope was the major causative factor on site selection during the Bronze Age. During the Paleolithic-Bronze Age, the life style of ancient people underwent three major changes. The changes in subsistence patterns prompted our ancestors to make different adaptive strategies to the living environment.

  • 图  1   研究区概况

    Figure  1.   Overview of the study area

    图  2   四川省古遗址点分布方向和集聚特征分析

    a:旧石器时期,b:新石器时期,c:青铜器时期。

    Figure  2.   Characterization of the distribution direction and agglomeration of ancient sites in Sichuan Province

    a: Paleolithic, b: Neolithic, c: Bronze Age.

    图  3   遗址点各高程范围分布占比

    Figure  3.   Percentages of site locations in different elevations

    图  4   四川省古遗址点坡度分布

    Figure  4.   Slope distribution of ancient sites in Sichuan Province

    图  5   四川省古遗址点与水系缓冲区关系

    Figure  5.   Relationship between ancient site locations and water buffer zones in Sichuan Province

    表  1   遗址点距水距离分布

    Table  1   Distribution of site locations in terms of distance from water source

    缓冲区
    范围/km
    旧石器时期
    遗址点/个
    新石器时期
    遗址点/个
    青铜器时期
    遗址点/个
    1 41 58 36
    1~3 2 5 1
    >3 3 2 3
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   遗址点地貌类型分布

    Table  2   Distribution of landform types at the sites

    地貌类型 旧石器时期
    遗址点/个
    新石器时期
    遗址点/个
    青铜器时期
    遗址点/个
    平原 13 42 36
    高原 24 5 0
    山地 8 12 3
    丘陵 1 6 1
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   旧石器时期遗址点分布模型

    Table  3   Distribution model of the Paleolithic site points

    自变量 B 标准误差 卡方值 自由度 Sig. Exp(B)
    旧时器时期 高程/m -0.055 0.071 0.603 1 0.438 0.946
    坡度/(°) -1.569 0.383 16.818 1 0 0.208
    距水距离/km -2.058 0.427 23.272 1 0 0.128
    地貌 -0.130 0.229 0.323 1 0.570 0.878
    新时器时期 高程/m -0.664 0.117 32.048 1 0 0.515
    坡度/(°) -2.222 0.429 26.799 1 0 0.108
    距水距离/ km -2.593 0.418 38.451 1 0 0.075
    地貌 1.210 0.236 26.224 1 0 3.353
    青铜器时期 高程/m -0.884 0.241 13.403 1 0 0.413
    坡度/(°) -2.980 0.788 14.310 1 0 0.051
    距水距离/ km -1.751 0.368 22.611 1 0 0.174
    地貌 3.551 0.805 19.440 1 0 34.852
    注:B值为各自变量不同分类水平在模型中的系数;Sig.为显著性;Exp(B)为优势比。
    下载: 导出CSV
  • [1] 李永强. 旧—新石器过渡阶段研究的几个问题[J]. 南方文物, 2023, 35(5):36-44 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6275.2023.05.004

    LI Yongqiang. Some problems in the study of the Paleo-Neolithic transition stage[J]. Cultural Relics in Southern China, 2023, 35(5):36-44.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6275.2023.05.004

    [2] 赵朝洪. 更新世─全新世界限的划分与中国石器时代分期研究综述[J]. 江汉考古, 1996, 17(1):45-54

    ZHAO Chaohong. Synthesis of Pleistocene-Holocene limits and staging of the stone age in China[J]. Jianghan Archaeology, 1996, 17(1):45-54.]

    [3] 李宁. 基于GIS的长江中游新石器晚期聚落遗址时空分布研究[D]. 南京师范大学硕士学位论文, 2018: 12-26

    LI Ning. Temporal and spatial distribution of Late Neolithic settlement sites in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River based on GIS[D]. Master Dissertation of Nanjing Normal University, 2018: 12-26.]

    [4] 朱诚, 钟宜顺, 郑朝贵, 等. 湖北旧石器至战国时期人类遗址分布与环境的关系[J]. 地理学报, 2007, 62(3):227-242 doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2007.03.001

    ZHU Cheng, ZHONG Yishun, ZHENG Chaogui, et al. Relationship of archaeological sites distribution and environment from the Paleolithic age to the warring states time in Hubei Province[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007, 62(3):227-242.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2007.03.001

    [5] 李开封, 朱诚, 王鑫浩, 等. 旧石器时代至商周时期贵州遗址空间分布及其自然环境背景[J]. 地理学报, 2013, 68(1):58-68 doi: 10.11821/xb201301008

    LI Kaifeng, ZHU Cheng, WANG Xinhao, et al. The archaeological sites distribution and its relationship with physical environment from around 260 ka BP to 221 BC in Guizhou Province[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(1):58-68.] doi: 10.11821/xb201301008

    [6] 张达, 周宏伟, 黄天锋, 等. 湖南省历史早期聚落遗址时空分布特征及其影响因素[J]. 山地学报, 2020, 38(5):763-775

    ZHANG Da, ZHOU Hongwei, HUANG Tianfeng, et al. Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of early historical settlements and influencing factors in Hunan Province, China[J]. Mountain Research, 2020, 38(5):763-775.]

    [7] 高明灿, 吕红医, 张冰雪, 等. 河东地区早期文化遗址时空分布研究[J]. 地域研究与开发, 2022, 41(1):175-180 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-2363.2022.01.029

    GAO Mingcan, LYU Hongyi, ZHANG Bingxue, et al. Study on time and space distribution of early cultural sites in Hedong region[J]. Areal Research and Development, 2022, 41(1):175-180.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-2363.2022.01.029

    [8]

    Qin W M, Wang L C, Lin A W, et al. Spatial-temporal evolution of the distribution pattern of Neolithic sites in Han River Basin, China[J]. Environmental Archaeology, 2020, 25(1):1-13. doi: 10.1080/14614103.2018.1551505

    [9]

    Liu L, Liu F F, Zhang W, et al. Spatial distribution and evolution of ancient settlements from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age in Dalian Area, China[J]. Frontiers in Earth Science, 2022, 10:917520. doi: 10.3389/feart.2022.917520

    [10]

    Zeller E, Timmermann A, Yun K S, et al. Human adaptation to diverse biomes over the past 3 million years[J]. Science, 2023, 380(6645):604-608. doi: 10.1126/science.abq1288

    [11] 黄明, 马春梅, 朱诚. 成都平原中—晚全新世环境考古研究进展[J]. 古地理学报, 2017, 19(6):1087-1098 doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2017.06.084

    HUANG Ming, MA Chunmei, ZHU Cheng. Progress of the Mid-Late Holocene environmental archaeology in Chengdu Plain[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2017, 19(6):1087-1098.] doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2017.06.084

    [12] 高大伦. 中国文物地图集·四川分册[M]. 北京: 文物出版社, 2009

    GAO Dalun. Atlas of Chinese Cultural Relics-Sichuan Branch[M]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House, 2009.]

    [13] 赵璐, 赵作权. 基于特征椭圆的中国经济空间分异研究[J]. 地理科学, 2014, 34(8):979-986

    ZHAO Lu, ZHAO Zuoquan. Projecting the spatial variation of economic based on the specific ellipses in China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014, 34(8):979-986.]

    [14] 潘雅诗, 王昱之, 姚鹏宇. 金塔县乡村聚落空间演变特征及影响因素研究[J]. 重庆建筑, 2024, 23(1):24-28 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-9107.2024.01.24

    PAN Yashi, WANG Yuzhi, YAO Pengyu. Study on spatial evolution characteristics and influencing factors of rural settlements in Jinta County[J]. Chongqing Architecture, 2024, 23(1):24-28.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-9107.2024.01.24

    [15] 曹耀文. 基于Logistic回归分析的从化流溪河流域先秦时期遗址预测模型[J]. 测绘与空间地理信息, 2021, 44(5):124-127,131 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5867.2021.05.033

    CAO Yaowen. Prediction model of ante-Qin dynasty sites in Conghua Liuxi River Basin based on Logistic regression analysis[J]. Geomatics Spatial Information Technology, 2021, 44(5):124-127,131.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5867.2021.05.033

    [16] 谭君, 林清. 广西壮族自治区传统村落时空分布演变研究[J]. 绿色科技, 2023, 25(5):234-238 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-9944.2023.05.047

    TAN Jun, LIN Qing. Research on the evolution of the spatial and temporal distribution of traditional villages in Guangxi[J]. Journal of Green Science and Technology, 2023, 25(5):234-238.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-9944.2023.05.047

    [17] 刘春香, 黄紫乐, 谭博文, 等. 湖南东江湖水库消落带地形因子与水文要素时空格局变化[J]. 山地学报, 2023, 41(5):676-688

    LIU Chunxiang, HUANG Ziyue, TAN Bowen, et al. Spatiotemporal changes in topographic and hydrological factors in hydro-fluctuation belt in the Dongjiang Lake of Hunan Province, China[J]. Mountain Research, 2023, 41(5):676-688.]

    [18] 孙治, 黄银洲, 刘央, 等. 汉敦煌六县的选址规律及其指示意义[J]. 中国沙漠, 2024, 44(1):201-208

    SUN Zhi, HUANG Yinzhou, LIU Yang, et al. Site selection pattern of six counties in Dunhuang Prefecture during the Han Dynasty and its indicative significance[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2024, 44(1):201-208.]

    [19] 曾超. 基于典型地形指标和地貌实体单元的四川省地貌形态自动分类及分区[J]. 山地学报, 2021, 39(4):587-599

    ZENG Chao. Classification and regionalization of geomorphological types based on typical terrain indicators and landform unit for Sichuan Province, China[J]. Mountain Research, 2021, 39(4):587-599.]

    [20] 宁珂, 王石英. 基于GIS、RS的四川省地貌区划[J]. 云南地理环境研究, 2018, 30(3):47-54 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7852.2018.03.007

    NING Ke, WANG Shiying. A study of geomorphological regionalization of Sichuan using GIS and RS[J]. Yunnan Geographic Environment Research, 2018, 30(3):47-54.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7852.2018.03.007

    [21] 李宁, 杨林, 沈姜威, 等. 聚落遗址迁移最优路径模拟[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2019, 21(6):836-843 doi: 10.12082/dqxxkx.2019.180540

    LI Ning, YANG Lin, SHEN Jiangwei, et al. Simulating the optimal migration paths between prehistoric settlement sites[J]. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 2019, 21(6):836-843.] doi: 10.12082/dqxxkx.2019.180540

    [22] 尚南, 于丽君, 聂跃平. 采用逻辑回归的汾河流域遗址分布研究[J]. 测绘科学, 2015, 40(8):47-52

    SHANG Nan, YU Lijun, NIE Yueping. Study of distribution characteristics of archaeological sites in Fenhe River Basin based on logistic regression[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2015, 40(8):47-52.]

    [23] 孔琪, 刘冰, 刘欢. 鲁东南新石器遗址时空格局与自然环境的关系[J]. 测绘科学, 2019, 44(7):88-95,104

    KONG Qi, LIU Bing, LIU Huan. Spatio-temporal pattern of Neolithic sites in the southeast of Shandong Province and its relationship with natural environment[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2019, 44(7):88-95,104.]

    [24] 毕硕本, 郭文政, 闾国年. 郑洛地区史前聚落遗址坡向坡度分析[J]. 测绘科学, 2010, 35(6):139-141

    BI Shuoben, GUO Wenzheng, LV Guonian. Aspect and slope analysis of prehistoric settlement sites in Zhengzhou-Luoyang region[J]. Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2010, 35(6):139-141.]

    [25] 陈新立. 长江流域环境史研究述评[J]. 长江学研究, 2020, 5(1):36-72

    CHEN Xinli. Review of the research on the environmental history of the Yangtze River Basin[J]. Research on Yangtze River, 2020, 5(1):36-72.]

    [26] 周科华, 陈卫东, 辛中华, 等. 四川考古60年[J]. 四川文物, 2009, 26(6):19-31

    ZHOU Kehua, CHEN Weidong, XIN Zhonghua, et al. 60 Years of archaeology in Sichuan[J]. Sichuan Cultural Relics, 2009, 26(6):19-31.]

    [27] 杨紫衣, 靳英帅, 王社江, 等. 南亚次大陆打制石器的发现与研究综述[J]. 人类学学报, 2023, 42(3):398-411

    YANG Ziyi, JIN Yingshuai, WANG Shejiang, et al. Discovery and research review of knapped lithics of the south Asian subcontinent[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2023, 42(3):398-411.]

    [28] 谢正伟, 梁水兰, 蒋旗, 等. “文化场景”理论下的史前遗址活化利用策略: 以稻城皮洛遗址为例[J]. 资源与人居环境, 2023, 39(1):39-45 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-822X.2023.01.012

    XIE Zhengwei, LIANG Shuilan, JIANG Qi, et al. Strategies for the adaptive use of prehistoric sites under the theory of "cultural scenarios"-a case study of the Piluo site in Inacheng[J]. Resources and Habitant Environment, 2023, 39(1):39-45.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-822X.2023.01.012

    [29] 郑喆轩, 冯玥, 谭培阳, 等. 四川稻城县皮洛旧石器时代遗址[J]. 考古, 2022, 68(7):3-14

    ZHENG Zhexuan, FENG Yue, TAN Peiyang, et al. Paleolithic age site at Piluo in Daocheng County, Sichuan[J]. Archaeology, 2022, 68(7):3-14.]

    [30]

    Chen S Q. Adaptive changes of prehistoric hunter-gatherers during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in China[D]. Doctor Dissertation of Southern Methodist University, 2004.

    [31]

    Soffer O. Storage, sedentism and the Eurasian Palaeolithic record[J]. Antiquity, 1989, 63(241):719-732. doi: 10.1017/S0003598X00076857

    [32]

    Gavashelishvili A, Tarkhnishvili D. Biomes and human distribution during the last ice age[J]. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2016, 25(5):563-574. doi: 10.1111/geb.12437

    [33] 江章华, 何锟宇, 唐淼, 等. 四川新津宝墩遗址朱林盘地点2016年发掘简报[J]. 四川文物, 2021, 38(5):4-16

    JIANG Zhanghua, HE Kunyu, TANG Miao, et al. Brief report on the 2016 archaeological excavation at Zhulinpan of Baodun Site in Xinjin District, Sichuan Province[J]. Sichuan Cultural Relics, 2021, 38(5):4-16.]

    [34] 胡珂, 莫多闻, 毛龙江, 等. 无定河流域全新世中期人类聚落选址的空间分析及地貌环境意义[J]. 地理科学, 2011, 31(4):415-420

    HU Ke, MO Duowen, MAO Longjiang, et al. Spatial analysis and landscape significance of mankind settlement sites in Wuding River Basin in Mid-Holocene[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011, 31(4):415-420.]

    [35] 陈胜前. 燕山—长城南北地区史前文化的适应变迁[J]. 考古学报, 2011, 76(1):1-22

    CHENG Shengqian. The adaptive changes of the prehistoric cultures in the zones along the Yanshan Mountains and the great wall[J]. Acta Archaeologica Sinica, 2011, 76(1):1-22.]

    [36] 钟华, 李新伟, 王炜林, 等. 中原地区庙底沟时期农业生产模式初探[J]. 第四纪研究, 2020, 40(2):472-485 doi: 10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2020.02.17

    ZHONG Hua, LI Xinwei, WANG Weilin, et al. Preliminary research of the farming production pattern in the central plain area during the Miaodigou period[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2020, 40(2):472-485.] doi: 10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2020.02.17

    [37] 霍巍. 何以五千年: 论中华文明的肇始及其连续性特征[J]. 江汉论坛, 2024, 67(2):5-12 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-854X.2024.02.001

    HUO Wei. Why five thousand years: on the origin and continuity of Chinese civilization[J]. Jianghan Tribune, 2024, 67(2):5-12.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-854X.2024.02.001

    [38] 朱乃诚. 论三星堆文明与金沙文明的关系[J]. 中原文化研究, 2022, 10(5):5-11 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-5669.2022.05.002

    ZHU Naicheng. On the relationship between Sanxingdui civilization and Jinsha civilizations[J]. The Central Plains Culture Research, 2022, 10(5):5-11.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-5669.2022.05.002

    [39] 于孟洲, 夏微. 四川盆地先秦时期农业考古研究述论[J]. 西华大学学报: 哲学社会科学版, 2015, 34(1): 40-47

    YU Mengzhou, XIA Wei. A survey on archaeological studies of the pre-Qin times in Sichuan Basin[J]. Journal of Xihua University: Philosophy & Social Sciences, 2015, 34(1): 40-47.]

    [40] 闫雪, 郭富, 王育茜, 等. 四川阆中市郑家坝遗址浮选结果及分析: 兼谈四川地区先秦时期炭化植物遗存[J]. 四川文物, 2013, 30(4):74-85 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6962.2013.04.010

    YAN Xue, GUO Fu, WANG Yuqian, et al. Flotation results and analyses of Zhengjiaba site in Langzhong City, Sichuan, China -analysis of charred plant remains from the pre-Qin period in Sichuan[J]. Sichuan Cultural Relics, 2013, 30(4):74-85.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6962.2013.04.010

    [41] 刘瑜, 汪珂丽, 邢潇月, 等. 地理分析中的空间效应[J]. 地理学报, 2023, 78(3):517-531 doi: 10.11821/dlxb202303001

    LIU Yu, WANG Keli, XING Xiaoyue, et al. On spatial effects in geographical analysis[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2023, 78(3):517-531.] doi: 10.11821/dlxb202303001

    [42] 李小建, 李国平, 曾刚, 等. 经济地理学[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社, 1999:183-184

    LI Xiaojian, LI Guoping, ZENG Gang, et al. Economic Geography[M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 1999:183-184.]

图(5)  /  表(3)
计量
  • 文章访问数:  111
  • HTML全文浏览量:  1
  • PDF下载量:  58
  • 被引次数: 0
出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2024-03-17
  • 修回日期:  2024-05-20
  • 录用日期:  2024-05-20
  • 网络出版日期:  2024-06-26
  • 刊出日期:  2025-02-27

目录

    /

    返回文章
    返回