On temporal and spatial variations of coastal topography and sediment transport process in Sanya Bay
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摘要:
海岸侵蚀作为全球性的地质灾害，往往给沿海地区带来巨大经济损失。受人类活动与气候变化的双重影响，近年来海岸侵蚀呈加剧态势；其中，砂质海岸的侵蚀尤为严重。本文通过开展多期海滩剖面地形监测，结合经验正交分解、数值模拟和沿岸输沙计算，摸清了三亚湾海岸地形的时空变化特征。研究结果显示，三亚湾海岸线侵蚀严重，年平均后退距离近2 m。岸线上4个岸段呈现出不同的海滩剖面形态与侵蚀淤积特征。其中，西段海岸由于供砂不足，侵蚀现象长期存在；地形主要受风暴浪控制，随着西岛码头东拦沙堤的建设，西一段由侵蚀转为淤积，西二段接受的沿岸输沙量也随之减少，侵蚀加剧。东部海滩为养护区，其中海月广场以西以侵蚀为主，以东以淤积为主；该段地形受季节性常浪和风暴浪共同作用。三亚湾沿岸输沙量自肖旗港至团结路逐渐降低，净输沙方向为自西向东；中段较长范围的海岸为堆积型海岸，但是其岸线表现为侵蚀后退，这是由于凸堤效应导致西侧沿岸供砂减少，同时该段横向输沙特征为离岸输沙。三亚湾的侵蚀主要发生在破波带内，除岛屿周边外，其他海域基本不冲不淤。该研究结果可为海岸侵蚀防护与治理提供科学依据。
Abstract:As a global natural disaster, coastal erosion brings huge losses to the coastal economy. Affected by the human activities and natural agents, coastal erosion is intensified, especially in sandy coast. By multi-stage beach terrain monitoring during 2016-2021, the temporal and spatial variations of the coastal topography in Sanya Bay, Hainan Island, were investigated via empirical orthogonal decomposition, numerical simulation, and coastal sediment transport calculation. Results show that the coastline of Sanya Bay was eroded obviously, and the average annual retreat distance reached nearly 2 m. The four coastline segments presents different beach erosion and siltation characteristics. In the western segment of the coast, erosion has long existed due to deficient sand supply, and the terrain is mainly controlled by storm waves. With the construction of the east sand barrier at the Xidao wharf, the erosion of the first segment in the west turned into siltation, and the amount of coastal sediment transport received by the second segment in the west also decreased, thereby erosion in this area was intensified. The eastern segment is a maintenance area. The western side of Haiyue Square was eroded, while the eastern side was silted. The topography of the eastern segment was affected by both seasonal waves and storm waves. The coastal sediment transport was gradually reduced from Xiaoqi Port to Tuanjie Road, and the net sediment transport was from west to east. Although the alongshore sediment transport type on the middle segment of the coast is accumulation type, monitoring showed that its coastline was receding due to the convex embankment effect, which decreased sand supply to the western coast and resulted in offshore sediment transport. Therefore, erosion took place in mainly the surf zone, and the outer area had largely no scouring nor silting except for near-island places. The results provide a scientific basis for coastal erosion protection and management.
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图 1 岸线监测断面与沉积动力观测位置
Figure 1. Locations of shoreline monitoring and sedimentary dynamics observation
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图 4 2019—2021年三亚湾海滩监测高程
Figure 4. Changes in the beach elevation observed in Sanya Bay during 2019 to 2021
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图 5 三亚湾海岸线与单宽体积变化量
负值表示侵蚀，正值表示淤积。
Figure 5. The shoreline change in Sanya Bay
+: siltation, −: erosion.
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图 6 2016—2018年SYPM01和SYPM02剖面的岸滩与水下监测地形
Figure 6. The beach and underwater topography observed in the profiles SYPM01 and SYPM02 during 2016 to 2018
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图 7 主因子载荷与平均剖面关系
Figure 7. Relationship between the principal factor loadings and the mean profiles
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图 8 剖面主因子空间与时间特征函数
Figure 8. The spatial and temporal eigen-function of the principal factors
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图 9 SE-WSW向波浪入射下的三亚湾波浪场
Figure 9. Wave field in Sanya Bay under SE to WSW wave incidence
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图 10 三亚湾沿岸年输沙量（104m3/a）分布
Figure 10. Distribution of sediment discharge along the coast of Sanya Bay
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图 11 三亚湾海底冲淤速率分布
Figure 11. Distribution of seabed erosion and siltation rate in Sanya Bay
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图 12 西岛码头东拦沙堤建设前后卫星影像
Figure 12. Satellite images before and after the construction of the east sand barrier at Xidao Wharf
表 1 三亚湾海滩剖面高程EOF分析结果统计
Table 1 Statistics of EOF analysis of beach profile elevation in Sanya Bay
主因子 特征值λ 贡献率/% 累计贡献率/% F1 F2 F1 F2 SYPM01 0.50 0.21 65.66 27.19 92.85 SYPM02 4.63 0.27 88.62 5.16 93.78 
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表 2 沿岸年输沙量
Table 2 Annual coastal sediment discharge
分段 岸线走向/(°) 输沙量 总输沙量 净输沙量 SE SSE S SSW SW WSW M1 −7.6 −0.93 −4.54 −1.62 7.89 33.71 6.13 54.82 40.64 M2 +1.0 −0.49 −1.99 0.28 7.05 25.88 4.82 40.52 35.55 M3 −1.8 −0.27 −1.76 −0.17 4.79 14.25 2.88 24.11 19.72 M4 −11.6 −0.09 −0.99 −0.85 1.81 10.51 2.62 16.88 13.01 M5 −22.9 −0.03 −0.72 −1.62 −0.37 7.25 2.10 12.10 6.60 M6 −34.3 −0.01 −0.32 −1.27 −1.76 2.32 1.94 7.61 0.90 M7 −42.1 0 −0.07 −0.52 −1.05 3.85 3.07 8.57 5.27 M8 −54.3 0 0.00 −0.06 −0.28 0.38 0.99 1.71 1.03 * 输沙量正值为自西向东，负值为自东向西；输沙量单位：104 m3/a。
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