Changes in bottom water oxygen level of the Arabian Sea and the driving factors since the Last Glacial Period
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摘要:
末次冰期以来阿拉伯海水体氧含量变化在时空上具有显著的差异。目前对其空间变化规律及主导因素尚缺乏系统的研究，尤其缺乏对千年尺度上深层水氧含量变化过程及其控制因素的综合分析。本文基于阿拉伯海中部深水区WIND-CJ06-6与WIND-CJ06-13两个岩芯的XRF岩芯扫描结果，结合前人已发表的指示阿拉伯海水体氧含量变化数据，重建了末次冰期以来千年尺度阿拉伯海不同海域和深度的水体氧含量变化历史并分析了其驱动因素。阿拉伯海水深小于1 500 m的水体在千年尺度上的氧含量变化受到表层初级生产力和中层水流通性的共同控制，但在不同时期主导因素不同；在B/A（Bølling–Ållerød）到YD（Younger Dryas）期间，阿拉伯海西北部表层生产力显著高于同时期其他海域，导致了中层水体的氧含量在西北部降低而在其他海域增高的空间差异。阿拉伯海水深大于1 500 m的水体氧含量在末次冰期以来整体上受北大西洋深层水（NADW）强弱的控制，在LGM（Last Glacial Maximum）到HS1（Heinrich stadial 1）阶段则受到南大洋通风增强的影响，水体氧含量显著升高。
Abstract:Variations in the oxygen content of water column in the Arabian Sea since the Last Glacial Period have significant differences in space and time. However, regarding the spatial variation patterns and dominating factors, systematic studies are scarce, especially on the mechanism of changes in oxygen content in deep water and the controlling factors on a millennial scale. Based on XRF core scanning results from two cores, WIND-CJ06-6 and WIND-CJ06-13, in the central deep water of the Arabian Sea and previously published data, we reconstructed the processes and analyzed the drivers of the variations in oxygen content in the Arabian Sea in different areas and depths on millennial scale since the Last Glacial Period. Results show that the variations in oxygen content in the Arabian Sea in water depths less than
1500 m on the millennial scale are controlled jointly by the surface primary productivity and mesopelagic water fluxes, and the dominant factors varied in different periods. Surface productivity in the northwestern part of the Arabian Sea was significantly higher than that in the rest of the sea during the transition period from B/A (Bølling-Ållerød) to YD (Younger Dryas) events, resulting in spatial difference: the oxygen content in the intermediate water was high in the NW Arabian Sea but low in the rest of the sea. The oxygen content in water column in the Arabian Sea at depths greater than1500 m was mainly controlled by the strength of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and the oxygen content in water was significantly increased due to enhanced ventilation in the Southern Ocean from the LGM to the HS1 (Heinrich Stadial 1) stage.-
Keywords:
- oxygen content /
- surface productivity /
- intermediate water /
- deep water /
- Last Glacial Period /
- Arabian Sea
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图 1 区域水文和研究站位
a：印度洋表层洋流（黑色实线指示夏季表层流，黑色虚线指示冬季表层流。SC：索马里洋流。SMC：夏季风环流；WMC：冬季风环流；WICC：西印度沿岸流；EICC：东印度沿岸流）、中层水（棕色虚线）以及深层水（紫色实线）示意图（灰色虚线框指示图b范围）改自[36-37]；b：站位分布（红色三角形为本次研究站位，黑点为收集站位）；c：现代阿拉伯海水体氧含量剖面图，数据来源于World Ocean Atlas 2018[38]。
Figure 1. Regional hydrography and research stations
a: Indian Ocean surface currents (solid black lines indicate summer surface currents, dashed black lines were winter surface currents. SC: Somali Current. SMC: summer monsoon circulation; WMC: winter monsoon circulation; WICC: West Indian Coastal Current; EICC: East India Coastal Current), intermediate water (brown dashed line), and deep water (purple solid line) (gray dashed box indicating range in Fig.1b) adapted from [36-37]; b: station distribution (red triangles are the current study stations and black dots are collected stations); c: Modern Arabian Sea water column oxygen content profiles with data from World Ocean Atlas 2018[38].
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图 2 末次冰期以来阿拉伯海不同站位水体氧含量综合对比
各站位详细信息见表2。
Figure 2. Comprehensive comparison of variations in seawater oxygen content at different stations in the Arabian Sea since the last glacial period
Details of each station are shown in Table 2.
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图 3 阿拉伯海水体氧含量从LGM到早全新世不同阶段的变化
a：LGM—早全新世，b：LGM—HS1，c：HS1—B/A，d：B/A—YD，e：YD—早全新世。其中蓝色填充代表氧含量降低，黄色填充代表氧含量增加，灰色填充代表无明显变化。正方形代表氮同位素数据、三角形为氧化还原敏感元素数据，圆点代表有孔虫数据。水平虚线代表现代OMZ的影响深度，竖直虚线代表阿拉伯海东西部的分界。各站位详细信息见表2。
Figure 3. Variation of oxygen content in Arabian Sea water in different periods from LGM to Early Holocene
a: LGM-Early Holocene, b: LGM-HS1, c: HS1-B/A, d: B/A-YD, e: YD-Early Holocene. Blue: decrease in oxygen content; yellow: increase in oxygen content; gray: ambiguous variation. Squares: nitrogen isotope data; triangles: redox-sensitive element data; dots: foraminiferal data. Dashed line: the depth of influence of the modern OMZ; vertical dotted line: the boundary between east and west of the Arabian Sea. Details of each station are shown in Table 2.
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图 4 末次冰期以来NADW、AAIW以及南亚夏季风强度与阿拉伯海OMZ影响区表层生产力变化的对比
a：北大西洋GGC5岩芯沉积231Pa/230Th(棕色) [72]与ODP1063岩芯231Pa/230Th(绿色)指示NADW强度[73]，b：南大西洋KNR159-36GGC岩芯εNd记录[67]，c：印度东北部Mawmluh Cave 石笋δ 18O记录[71]，d：阿拉伯海西部海域（WAS）岩芯NIOP905 Ba/Al 记录[14]，e：阿拉伯海北部海域（NAS）NIOP464岩芯总有机碳（TOC）质量累积速率（MAR）[74]，f：阿拉伯海东部海域（EAS）SK17岩芯富营养浮游有孔虫指数数据[53]，g：阿拉伯海西北部海域（NWAS）MD00-2354岩芯初级生产力数据[9]。
Figure 4. Comparison among NADW, AAIW, and South Asian in summer monsoon intensity with changes in surface productivity in the OMZ (Minimum Oxygen Zone) affected area of the Arabian Sea since the last glacial period
a: 231Pa/230Th (brown) in core GGC5 (McManus et al., 2004) and 231Pa/230Th in core ODP1063 (green) of North Atlantic Ocean, indicating NADW intensity[72], b: the εNd record of KNR159-36GGC core in South Atlantic Ocean [67], c: δ 18O record of stalagmite in Mawmluh Cave on northeast of Indian [71], d: Ba/Al record in core NIOP905 of Western Arabian Sea (WAS) [14], e: Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Mass Accumulation Rate (MAR) in core NIOP464 of the Northern Arabian Sea (NAS) [74], Eutrophic planktonic foraminiferal index. Data are from core SK17 in the eastern Arabian Sea (EAS) [53], g: Primary productivity data are from core MD00-2354 in the northwestern Arabian Sea (NWAS) [9].
表 1 WIND-CJ06-6 和 WIND-CJ06-13孔AMS14C测年及日历年校正
Table 1 AMS14C dating and calendar year correction for cores WIND-CJ06-6 and WIND-CJ06-13
站位名称 深度/cm AMS14C 年龄/aBP 日历年龄/cal.aBP CJ06-6 4～5 8 900 ± 30 9 360(9 155～9 523) 24～25 11 770 ± 30 13 047(12 847～13 228) 44～45 17 220 ± 50 19 836(19 538～20 129) 64～65 24 420 ± 90 27 668(27 369～27 924) 84～85 30 360 ± 160 34 016(33 636～34 358) CJ06-13 3～4 4 040 ± 30 3 826(3 611～4 046) 23～24 11 910 ± 30 13 190(13 011～13 378) 43～44 20 180 ± 40 23 279(23 008～23 626) 63～64 27 920 ± 60 31 103(30 921～31 295) 83～84 33 610 ± 120 37 338(36 907～37 852) 
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表 2 研究站位汇总
Table 2 Information of research stations
站位 位置 水深/m 指标 来源 CJ06-13 14.54°N、65.8°E 3 909 Mn/Ti 本文 CJ06-6 16.3°N、65.8°E 3 680 Mn/Ti 本文 TN047/6GGC 17.38°N、58.8°E 3 652 有孔虫孔隙度 [44] SK304A/05 5.92°N、79.6°E 3 408 Mo/Ti [19] 3101G 6°N、74°E 2 680 Mn/Al [45] SK185-20 10°N、71.83°E 2 523 Uau [17] SK117/GC08 15.5°N、71.03°E 2 500 Mo [20] MD900963 5.05°N、73.88°E 2 446 Uau [46] SK129/CR05 9.33°N、71.98°E 2 300 U/Th [18] RC27-42 16.5°N、59.8°E 2 020 有孔虫孔隙度 [47] RC27-61 16.65°N、59.52°E 1 893 有孔虫孔隙度 [48] AAS9/21 14.51°N、72.65°E 1 807 U/Th [49] GeoB3004 14.61°N、52.92°E 1 803 有孔虫组合 [50] 3104G 12.9°N、71.9°E 1 680 Mn/Al [45] NIOP905 10.77°N、51.95°E 1 586 N同位素 [14] TN041/2PG 17.7°N、57.83°E 1 428 有孔虫孔隙度 [12] MD76-131 15.53°N、72.57°E 1 230 有孔虫组合 [51] NIOP455 23.56°N、65.95°E 1 002 Mn/Al [52] SK17 15.25°N、72.97°E 840 有孔虫组合 [53] MD04-2876 24.84°N、64°E 828 N同位素 [54] RC27-23 17.99°N、57.59°E 820 N同位素 [55] ODP723 18.05°N、57.61°E 808 N同位素 [15] SO90-111KL 23.1°N、66.49°E 774 N同位素 [56] TN041-8PG/JPC 17.81°N、57.51°E 761 有孔虫孔隙度 [57] RC27-14 18.25°N、57.66°E 596 N同位素 [55] NIOP478 24.21°N、65.66°E 565 Mn/Al [54] NIOP484 19.5°N、58.43°E 516 Mn/Al [54]
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