Red River Fault Zone affected the formation of basins in the western South China Sea: An experimental study
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摘要:
红河断裂带的走滑运动对南海西部盆地格架的形成具有一定的影响作用，本研究通过解构青藏高原隆升间歇期红河断裂带的走滑运动过程，探讨红河断裂带与南海西部盆地之间成因的关联性问题。通过砂箱物理模拟实验，模拟研究了印欧板块碰撞背景下红河断裂带的走滑作用对南海西部盆地的形成机制，特别是对莺歌海盆地和中建南盆地的成盆影响。实验结果表明莺歌海盆地和中建南盆地雏形受控于红河断裂带走滑运动所产生的NW向剪切作用，南海打开过程的近SN向伸展作用使盆地规模增大。南海西部莺歌海盆地和中建南盆地早期形成过程中红河断裂带的走滑位移被盆地的边界断层以及内部断层吸收进而控制了盆地35～23 Ma的发育演化。
Abstract:The strike-slip movement of the Red River Fault Zone (RRFZ) affected the formation of the basin in the western part of the South China Sea (SCS) to a certain degree. To characterize the tectonic features of the RRFZ during the uplift interval of the Tibetan Plateau and analyze the relationship between the strike-slip in RRFZ and the basins, especially Yinggehai Basin and Zhongjiannan Basin in the western SCS, sandbox analogue modelling experiments were performed in the context of the India-Eurasia collision. Results indicate that the prototypes of the two basins are controlled by the NW-oriented shear stresses generated by the strike-slip movement of the RRFZ, and the SN-oriented tensional stresses with the SCS opening up and the basin sizes expanding. During the early formation stage of the two basins, the displacement due to the strike-slipping was absorbed by the boundary faults and internal faults of the basins, thus controlling the evolution of the basins during the stage from 35 to 23 Ma.
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图 3 实验设计
a：模型基底设计图（顶视图；数字1和2为印支地块，3为南海北缘，4为南海南缘；FR为红河断裂带，FW1和FW2为南海西缘断裂，Fs为马江-黑水河断裂）；b：模型立体图（图3a顺时针旋转180°的立体效果；黑色实线框平行短边方向为实验莺歌海盆地的剖面切割方向，橙色实线框平行短边方向为实验中建南盆地的剖面切割方向；块体位置与电机位置对应于a图）；c：模型剖面图（位置见图3b中AA'）。红色虚线框为数字散斑计算区域，蓝色虚线框为3D扫描区域。
Figure 3. The experimental design diagram
a: Model substrate design diagram (top view. Numbers 1 and 2 show the Indochina Block, 3 shows the northern edge of the SCS, and 4 shows the southern edge of the SCS. FR: the RRFZ; FW1 and FW2: the western margin fault of the South China Sea; Fs: the Song Ma Fault); b: the cut-out view of the experimental apparatus (The stereoscopic effect by 180° clockwise rotation of Fig. 3a. The direction of the short parallel edges of the black solid line box is the direction of the section cut in the experimental Yinggehai Basin, and the direction of the short parallel edges of the green solid line box is the direction of the section cut in the experimental Zhongjiannan Basin. The block position and the motor position corresponds to Fig. 3a); c: model section (see Fig. 3b for AA' location). The red dashed boxes are the digital speckle calculation area, and the blue ones are the 3D scanning area.
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图 4 模型一平面演化
数字散斑区域见图3b红色虚线框。黄色箭头推动块体实现断裂带的走滑作用，蓝色剪头拉张块体实现海盆打开。第1列：实验图像； 第2列：模型演化解释图；第3列：体应变（ƐV）， 红色和蓝色分别代表拉张和挤压，颜色越深代表强度越高；第4列：最大剪应变（Ʈn），颜色从蓝色变为红色代表最大剪应变逐渐变大。D1为电机1的位移量，D2为电机2的位移量。
Figure 4. Model 1 Vertical view (red dashed box in Fig. 3b for the DSCM (digital speckle correlation method) area)
Yellow arrows represent the push direction towards the block to generate the strike-slip, and blue arrows represent the tension of the block to mimicking the opening of the sea basin. The first column: experimental diagram; the second column: model evolution interpretation diagram; the third column: volume strain (ƐV), red and blue represent tension and compression respectively, the darker the color, the higher the strength; the fourth column: maximum shear strain (Ʈn), change in color from blue to red represents a gradual increase in maximum shear strain. D1 is the displacement of motor 1 and D2 is the displacement of motor 2.
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图 5 印支地块弱挤出作用模型3D扫描结果
扫描区域见图3b蓝色虚线框。a: 断层F2出现时基底断裂位置关系，b: F3出现时基底断裂位置关系，c: 实验加载结束时盆地与基底断裂位置关系。
Figure 5. 3D scanning results of the weak extrusion model of the Indochina Block
The blue dashed box in Fig. 3b. a: The basement fault location relationship at the time of the appearance of fault F2, b: the basement fault location relationship at the time of the appearance of F3, c: the location relationship between basin and basement fault at the end of experimental loading.
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图 6 模型一的盆地剖面构造特征
盆地1代表莺歌海盆地，盆地2代表中建南盆地。剖面中“F”断层与模型表面断层对应，“f”断层为次级断层或伸展断层，剖面图例同图3c。
Figure 6. Diagram of the internal vertical section of Model 1
Basin 1 represents the Yinggehai Basin and Basin 2 represents the Zhongjiannan Basin. F indicates major faults in the section correspond to those at the model surface, and f signifies secondary or extension faults. For the sectional illustration please see the legend to Fig. 3c.
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图 7 模型二平面演化
数字散斑区域见图3b红色虚线框。黄色箭头推动块体实现断裂带的走滑作用，蓝色剪头拉张块体实现海盆打开。第1列：实验图像； 第2列：模型演化解释图；第3列：体应变（ƐV）， 红色和蓝色分别代表拉张和挤压，颜色越深代表强度越高；第4列：最大剪应变（Ʈn），颜色从蓝色变为红色代表最大剪应变逐渐变大。D1为电机1的位移量，D2为电机2的位移量。
Figure 7. Vertical view of Model 2 (the red dashed box in Fig. 3b is the DSCM (digital speckle correlation method) area)
Yellow arrows represent the push to the block to generate the strike-slip of the fault zone, and blue arrows represent the tension of the block to realize the opening of the sea basin. The first column: experimental diagram; the second column: model evolution interpretation diagram; the third column: volume strain (ƐV), red and blue represent tension and compression respectively, the darker the color, the higher the strength; the fourth column: maximum shear strain (Ʈn), change in color from blue to red represents a gradual increase in maximum shear strain. D1 is the displacement of motor 1 and D2 is the displacement of motor 2.
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图 9 模型二盆地剖面特征
盆地1代表莺歌海盆地，盆地2代表中建南盆地。剖面中“F”断层与模型表面断层对应，“f ”断层为次级断层或伸展断层，剖面图例同图3c。
Figure 9. Diagram of the internal vertical section of Model 2
Basin 1: the Yinggehai Basin，Basin 2: the Zhongjiannan Basin. F marks the major faults in the section correspond to those on the model surface, and f denotes the secondary or extension faults. For the sectional illustration please see the legend to Fig. 3c.
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图 8 印支地块强挤出作用模型3D扫描结果
3D扫描区域见图3b蓝色虚线框。a: 断层F1出现时基底断裂位置关系，b: F3出现时基底断裂位置关系，c: 实验加载结束时盆地与基底断裂位置关系。
Figure 8. 3D scanning results of the strong extrusion model of the Indochina Block
Blue dashed box in Fig. 3b for the 3D scan area. a: The basement fault location at the time of the appearance of fault F1, b: the basement fault location at the time of the appearance of F3, c: the location relationship between basin and basement fault at the end of experimental loading.
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图 10 南海西部地震剖面与模型剖面对比图
模型一剖面28对应AA'，模型一剖面15与模型二剖面27对应BB'，模型一剖面11与模型二剖面14对应CC'，模型二剖面12对应DD'。
Figure 10. Comparison between seismic sections and model sections of the western SCS
Model 1 section 28 corresponds to AA', model 1 section 15 and model 2 section 27 corresponds to BB', model 1 section 11 and model 2 section 14 corresponds to CC', and model 2 section 12 corresponds to DD'.
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表 1 实验材料及参数
Table 1 Experimental materials and parameters
材料和物理设置 实验参数 性质 相似比 PVC泡沫板 抗压强度：0.6～25.0 MPa 刚性 — 硅胶垫 拉张强度：4.0～12.5 MPa 张性 — 石英砂 粒径:120～180 μm 摩尔-库仑准则 — 玻璃微珠 粒径:80～100 μm 摩尔-库仑准则 — 走滑位移量 5 cm — 10−7 地层厚度 6 cm — 10−5 
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表 2 实验参数设计
Table 2 Experimental parameters design
模型 FR、FW
位移量/cm模型尺寸/cm FR、FW加载速率
/(cm/s)Fs加载速率
/(cm/s)南海北缘
加载速率
/(cm/s)南海南缘
加载速率
/(cm/s)印支地块弱挤出模型 5 60×40×7 4×10−3 2×10−3 6×10−3 6×10−3 印支地块强挤出模型 5 60×40×7 4×10−3 2×10−3 6×10−3 6×10−3
下载: 导出CSV
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