High-temperature and high-pressure experiments reveal the melting behavior of serpentinites in subduction zone and the genesis of high-Mg magmas
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摘要:
近年来一些研究在岛弧岩浆中发现了蛇纹岩组分，这表明俯冲至弧下的蛇纹岩不仅为地幔楔提供流体，而且可以通过部分熔融参与岛弧岩浆形成。然而，蛇纹岩在地幔楔中的熔融行为及其在俯冲带物质循环中的作用仍未进行深入研究。因此，本研究选择3种蛇纹岩样品：蚀变原岩分别为二辉橄榄岩(SE2)和方辉橄榄岩(SE3)的天然蛇纹岩，以及模拟含有大量滑石的合成蛇纹岩样品(SEQ)，在700～1300 ℃和4 GPa的温度压力条件下进行了模拟实验，限定了蛇纹岩的熔融温度，分析了实验产生的熔体成分。研究发现，不同类型蛇纹岩的固相线存在显著差异，SE3、SEQ和SE2蛇纹岩的固相线分别为900～960 ℃、960～1100 ℃以及1150～1200 ℃。这3种蛇纹岩的固相线均高于俯冲板片上表面的温度，要求蛇纹岩通过底辟作用进入地幔楔以发生部分熔融。根据实验结果，本研究认为SE2和SEQ蛇纹岩可以在地幔楔底部相对较低的温度条件下(960～1100 ℃)即发生熔融，产生科马提质岩浆；而在上覆地幔楔更高温度条件下(＞1200 ℃)，SE2蛇纹岩可以发生更广泛、更高程度的部分熔融，产生玻安质岩浆。
Abstract:Recent studies have identified serpentinite components in arc magmas, suggesting that subducted serpentinites contribute not only fluids to the mantle wedge but also participate in arc magma formation through partial melting. However, the melting behavior of serpentinites in the mantle wedge and their role in the material cycle of subduction zones remain underexplored. We selected three types of serpentinites: natural serpentinites altered from harzburgite (SE2) and lherzolite (SE3), and synthetic serpentinite (SEQ) containing talc. Experiments were conducted under 700～1300℃ and 4 GPa, to constrain the melting temperature of serpentinites and analyze the composition of the melts. Results show that the solidi among different serpentinite types vary greatly from each other. The solidi of SE3, SEQ, and SE2 are between 900～960℃, 960～1100℃, and 1150～1200℃, respectively. These solidi are higher than the surface temperatures of subducting slab, thus requiring serpentinites diapir into the mantle wedge to melt. Therefore, SE2 and SEQ serpentinites can melt at the bottom of the mantle wedge under relatively lower temperature conditions (960～1100℃), producing komatiitic magmas, whereas in the overlying mantle wedge, SE2 serpentinite undergo more extensive and higher degrees of partial melting at higher temperature conditions (＞1200℃), generating boninitic magmas.
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图 2 代表性实验产物的背散射电子图像
红色虚线代表了残余矿物和熔体池的分界线，绿色虚线界定了熔体相；图2b和2c以及图2h和2i分别展示了同一实验的实验结果。
Figure 2. Backscatter electron images of representative experimental run products
The red dashed line represents the boundary between the residual minerals and the melt pool, the green dashed line encircles the melt phase; Figure 2b and 2c, as well as 2h and 2i, each respectively display the results of the same experiment.
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图 3 SE3系列实验(a)和SEQ系列实验(b)矿物相比例随温度变化图
Figure 3. Variation in mineral phase proportion with temperature for SE3 (a) and SEQ (b) experiments
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图 4 石榴子石成分三元图
Gro-钙铝榴石，Alm-铁铝榴石，Pyr-镁铝榴石。
Figure 4. Ternary composition diagram of garnet
Gro: Grossular; Alm: Almandine; Pyr: Pyrope.
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图 6 实验相组合图(a)和俯冲带条件下的高温高压实验相图（b）
图b中实心形状代表仅发生脱水的实验，空心形状代表熔体存在的实验；实线代表了叶蛇纹石(Atg)和绿泥石(Chl)的完全分解线；黑色粗实线代表了前人实验中的二辉橄榄岩固相线。T12数据来自文献[50]，G73数据来自文献[58]，K68数据来自文献[62]；红色虚线和蓝色虚线分别代表了热俯冲和暖俯冲的板片温度，数据来自文献[63]；灰色粗实线代表了弧下底辟的温度–压力路径，数据来自文献[51]。
Figure 6. Phase assemblage diagram (a) and high temperature and high pressure experimental phase diagram (b) under subduction zone conditions
In (b), the solid symbols represent dehydrate experiments, while the hollow symbols represent experiments where melt is present. The solid lines represent the complete decomposition curve of antigorite (Atg) and chlorite (Chl). The black thick solid lines represent the solidus of Iherzolite peridotite from previous experiments. T12 data from reference [50], G73 data from reference [58], K68 data from reference [62]. The red dashed line and blue dashed line represent the slab temperature of hot and warm subduction, respectively, based on data from reference [63]. The grey thick solid line represent the temperature-pressure path of diapir at subarc, data form reference [51].
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图 7 熔融程度–温度变化(a)和熔体等压生产率–温度变化图(b)
图a中实线为通过线性回归的方法拟合得到, 虚线仅为示意曲线; K15数据引自文献[49]，Wang20数据引自文献[51]。
Figure 7. Diagram of melting degree vs temperature (a) and isobaric melt production rate vs temperature (b)
In (a), the solid line is obtained through linear regression fitting, while the dashed line is an illustrative curve. K15 data are cited from[49], Wang20 data from reference[51].
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图 8 蛇纹岩参与地幔楔熔融过程示意图
Figure 8. Schematic diagram of serpentinite participating in the mantle wedge melting process
表 1 蛇纹岩初始物组成
Table 1 The initial components of serpentinite
% 主量元素 SE2 SE3 SEQ SiO2 39.92 39.05 42.00 TiO2 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 Al2O3 0.61 3.40 3.24 FeOT 9.05 9.02 8.59 MnO 0.12 0.17 0.16 MgO 33.62 33.00 31.43 CaO 0.40 2.38 2.27 Na2O 0.35 0.16 0.15 K2O 0.03 0.02 0.02 LOI 15.20 12.60 12.00 总计 99.44 99.92 100.12 
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表 2 实验条件及质量平衡计算
Table 2 Experiment conditions and mass balance calculation
实验编号 温度/℃ 压力/GPa 时间/h 相比例/% Σr2 Ol Opx Cpx Sp Grt Chl Melt SE2-1 700 4 48 57.6 41.9 * 0.5 0.30 SE2-2 960 4 50 48.0 51.3 0.1 0.21 SE2-3 1100 4 14 50.7 49.1 0.2 0.31 SE2-4 1150 4 15 45.7 54.2 0.1 0.25 SE2-5 1200 4 17 nd nd nd nd SE2-6 1300 4 23 55.6 44.4 0.63 SE3-1 700 4 67 59.6 18.4 3.7 18.3 * 0.08 SE3-2 900 4 57 57.9 17.7 7.1 17.4 0.10 SE3-3 960 4 47 55.2 23.6 8.7 12.5 0.04 SE3-4 1100 4 15 54.5 17.3 3.8 24.4 0.07 SE3-5 1150 4 14 48.6 23.9 27.5 0.06 SE3-6 1200 4 14 54.0 16.8 * 29.1 0.05 SEQ-1 960 4 50 33.0 45.4 5.6 16.0 0.04 SEQ-2 1100 4 17 33.5 43.4 5.4 17.7 0.03 SEQ-3 1150 4 38 nd nd nd nd nd SEQ-4 1200 4 17 31.2 38.5 30.3 0.03 注：Σr2代表了残差的平方和；*代表了质量平衡计算无法检测到的相；nd代表了无法进行质量平衡计算的相；Ol-橄榄石，Opx-斜方辉石，Cpx-单斜辉石，Sp-尖晶石，Grt-石榴子石，Chl-绿泥石，Melt-熔体。
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表 3 熔体组成
Table 3 Melt compositions
% 主量元素 SE3-3 SE3-4 SE3-5 SE3-6 SEQ-2 SEQ-4 SE2-5 SE2-6 SiO2 49.26(2.06) 46.83(1.00) 45.90(1.58) 47.10(1.01) 50.48(1.56) 43.32(1.76) 49.51(0.43) 57.05(0.52) TiO2 0.29(0.14) 0.25(0.11) 0.19(0.14) 0.23(0.13) 0.40(0.13) 0.25(0.16) 0.14(0.08) 0.02(0.00) Al2O3 15.95(2.11) 11.79(1.19) 13.04(2.14) 12.33(1.85) 12.43(0.60) 10.10(0.97) 8.68(0.32) 3.39(0.23) FeO 9.64(0.69) 12.57(0.55) 12.95(0.71) 12.43(0.61) 9.05(0.89) 13.57(1.36) 10.24(0.65) 7.77(0.34) MnO 0.18(0.11) 0.30(0.16) 0.21(0.12) 0.24(0.15) 0.09(0.09) 0.28(0.20) 0.36(0.16) 0.10(0.05) MgO 19.65(1.71) 20.71(0.93) 22.76(1.80) 20.63(1.80) 25.29(1.23) 24.19(1.26) 28.02(1.05) 29.34(0.54) CaO 4.16(2.29) 7.00(0.99) 4.18(1.50) 6.50(1.78) 1.88(1.38) 7.79(1.79) 1.71(0.14) 0.87(0.15) Na2O 0.61(0.18) 0.38(0.13) 0.55(0.19) 0.41(0.13) 0.34(0.16) 0.44(0.13) 1.41(0.23) 1.35(0.17) K2O 0.25(0.11) 0.18(0.14) 0.22(0.13) 0.13(0.10) 0.04(0.06) 0.07(0.07) 0.07(0.03) 0.14(0.03) $ {\mathrm{K}\mathrm{d}}_{\mathrm{F}\mathrm{e}-\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{O}\mathrm{l}/\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{t}} $ 0.39(0.05) 0.30(0.02) 0.26(0.03) 0.28(0.03) 0.46(0.05) 0.28(0.03) 0.27(0.02) 0.32(0.03) 总计 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 注：熔体成分分析基于电子探针能量色散模式，所有的氧化物均为质量百分比，括号中表示为±1σ的误差。
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