Research progress and prospects on the dating of pelagic clay
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摘要:
深海黏土广泛分布在水深超过碳酸盐补偿深度(CCD)以下的大洋盆地中，其沉积速率十分缓慢，只有少量的生物组分(主要是生物磷灰石)被保存，通常具有较高的稀土元素含量；海洋沉积物常用的磁性地层与生物地层相结合的定年手段通常不能有效使用。因此，深海黏土沉积年龄框架的建立一直存在巨大的困难和挑战，严重阻碍了对沉积环境演化和稀土超常富集机制等方面的深入研究。本文回顾总结了20世纪以来逐步发展应用的多种深海黏土定年方法，主要包括磁性地层、鱼牙87Sr/86Sr定年、鱼牙U-Pb定年、10Be测年、230Thex测年、187Os/188Os定年、鱼鳞石生物地层、恒定Co通量模型以及常用的地层对比方法。这些方法各具优缺点，单一使用以上任何一种定年方法几乎都难以获得完整可靠的年龄框架。因此，综合运用多种定年方法，对获得的年龄框架进行系统对比和验证，将会更为有效地提高深海黏土年龄框架的可靠性。
Abstract:Pelagic clay, which is extensively distributed in the ocean basins below the carbonate compensation depth, exhibits slow sedimentation rate and contains only a small amount of preserved biogenic components (primarily biogenic apatite). The commonly used dating methods that combine magnetic stratigraphy with biostratigraphy in marine sediments cannot be effectively applicable. As a result, the establishment of a age framework for pelagic clay has been hindered by enormous difficulties and challenges, which seriously limits the researchers in geoscience to thoroughly investigate the evolution of sedimentation environment and the mechanisms of hyper-enrichment in rare earth elements in pelagic clay. In this article, we reviewed various dating methods for pelagic clay used since the last century, including mainly: magnetostratigraphy, fish teeth 87Sr/86Sr dating, fish teeth U-Pb dating, 10Be dating, 230Thex dating, 187Os/188Os dating, ichthyolith biostratigraphy, constant Co-flux model, and commonly used stratigraphic correlation methods. Each method has own advantages and disadvantages, and it is often difficult to acquire a complete and reliable age framework using any of the above methods alone. Consequently, systematic comparsion and validation for age framework obtained by intergrating multiple dating methods will be more efficient in improving the relability of an age framework for dating pelagic clay.
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Keywords:
- pelagic clay /
- dating method /
- magnetostratigraphy /
- fish teeth/ichthyolith /
- integrated chronology
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图 1 研究区域图
a：本文所涉及的部分站位分布图，b：太平洋沉积物类型分布图。海洋沉积物类型数据来自文献[11]。各站位参考信息见表1，其中GC62的数据尚未发表。
Figure 1. The study areas
a: The distribution of some stations covered in this article; b: the distribution of sediment type in the Pacific Ocean Data of marine sediment type is from [11]. The reference information of each station is shown in Table 1, with unpublished data for GC62.
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图 2 西太平洋GC62孔中部分样品的交变退磁正交矢量图和剩磁衰减图
实心方块代表水平面投影图，空心方块代表垂直面投影图。
Figure 2. Orthogonal vector projection and remanence attenuation of alternating demagnetization
Solid squares: horizontal projections; hollow squares: vertical projections
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图 4 40 Ma以来的海水87Sr/86Sr参考曲线（a）和PC01、GC1901孔中鱼牙87Sr/86Sr深度变化（b）
a中数据来自文献[43]，PC01孔的鱼牙87Sr/86Sr数据来自文献[12]，WP41孔的鱼牙釉质87Sr/86Sr数据来自文献[18]，GC1901孔的鱼牙87Sr/86Sr数据来自文献[14]。
Figure 4. The 87Sr/86Sr reference curve of seawate since 40Ma (a) and the 87Sr/86Sr chang with depth of fish teeth in cores PC01 and GC1901 (b)
Data sources: the 87Sr/86Sr reference curve: from reference [43], fish teeth 87Sr/86Sr data of core PC01: from [12], fish teeth enamel 87Sr/86Sr data of core WP41: from [18]; fish teeth 87Sr/86Sr data of core GC1901: from [14].
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图 5 鱼牙釉质U-Pb定年结果
a：保存完整的鱼牙化石照片，b：WP41孔鱼牙釉质U-Pb定年结果，c：Site 1218孔中的鱼牙釉质U-Pb定年结果，d：Site 1218孔中的鱼牙U-Pb年龄同古地磁年龄和有孔虫年龄之间的对比。a，b, c, d均改绘自文献[18]。
Figure 5. Dating results of fish teeth enamel
a: Photo of well-preserved fish teeth fossil, b: U-Pb dating results of fish teeth enamel in WP41, c: U-Pb dating results of fish teeth enamel in Site 1218, d: comparison of U-Pb ages between fish teeth in Site 1218 and paleomagnetic / foraminiferal ages.a,b, c, and d are redrawn from [18].
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图 6 北太平洋GPC3孔年龄综合
a：古地磁年龄、10Be年龄、鱼鳞石生物地层、Co模型年龄及K—E年龄点汇总，各年龄数据来源见表1；b：古地磁年龄与10Be年龄比较。
Figure 6. Integrated age in core GPC3 in the North Pacific
a: Paleomagnetic age, 10Be age, ichthyolith biostratigraphy, Co model age, and K-E age. Data sources are shown in Table1; b: comparison between paleomagnetic ages and 10Be ages.
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图 7 西太平洋core C孔和GC18孔年龄模型综合
a: 西太平洋core C孔年龄模型图，改绘自文献[16]；b: 西太平洋GC18孔11～15.5 Ma年龄模型和沉积速率图；c: GC18孔50点平滑的Ba元素含量随深度变化图；d: 11～16 Ma的轨道偏心率变化图（蓝线）和经调谐后的GC18孔Ba元素随年龄变化图（红线）。图b、c、d均改绘自文献[17]。
Figure 7. Integrated age model in cores C and GC18 in the Western Pacific
a: Age model plot of core C in the Western Pacific, redrawn from [16]; b: 11～15.5 Ma age model and sedimentation rate plot of GC18 in Western Pacific; c: plot of 50 point smoothed Ba element content in GC18 varies with depth; d: plot of orbital eccentricity variation during 11～16 Ma (blue line) and plot of smoothed Ba element changes with age (red line). b, c, d are redrawn from [17].
表 1 部分深海黏土沉积物定年研究总结
Table 1 Summary of some pelagic clay dating studies
区域和站位 位置 定年方法 年龄范围和或深度 平均沉积速率
/(mm/ka)备注 参考文献 北太平洋
GPC330.33˚N、
157.82˚W鱼鳞石生物地层 上新世—古新世 0.2～0.3 误差约±1～5 Ma [5] 磁性地层 布容极性期
更新世2.2
1.7[7] 鱼牙87Sr/86Sr 用以上两种方法来进行验证 [8] 10Be 0～6 m
6～10 m约1.2
约0.5以1.387 Ma为半衰期重新
进行计算[6] 恒定Co通量模型 晚古新世—中中新世 0.2 显著低于更新世时期的沉积速率 [3] 铱元素异常 异常高值指示K-Pg边界(约65 Ma) [3] 北太平洋
PC0132.5˚N、
141.2˚W鱼牙87Sr/86Sr 0～10.7 m (0～24 Ma) 0.45 误差±1～3 Ma [12] 东赤道太平洋
PC078.8˚N、
135.4˚W鱼牙87Sr/86Sr 0～15 m (0～19 Ma)
0～4 m (深海黏土)
4～16 m (硅质黏土)
0.3
2.0误差<±2 Ma [13] 东赤道太平洋
GC19019.78˚N、
154.97˚W鱼牙87Sr/86Sr 21～32 Ma 2.3 误差约±0.8～3 Ma [14] 西太平洋
WPPC1902-0818.29˚N、
149.84˚E磁性地层 0～6 m (0～2.59 Ma) 2.3 棕黄色深海黏土 [15] 西太平洋
core C20.22˚N、
161.48˚E230Thex
自生10Be/9Be
磁性地层0～3.1 m (0～11.6 Ma)
0～1.2 Ma
1.2～11.6 Ma
1.67
0.125多种测年方法获得的沉积
速率一致[16] 西太平洋
GC1816.90˚N、
162.18˚E自生10Be/9Be
磁性地层
轨道调谐1.8～5.4 m
(11～15.4 Ma)0.1～2.5 [17] 西太平洋
WP4123°N、
158°E鱼牙U-Pb定年 2.2～6.5 Ma 1.4 误差±1～2 Ma [18] 西太平洋
PC1122.98˚N、
154.02˚E187Os/188Os
磁性地层9～12 m 0.43～1.02 假设187Os/188Os识别的E2-E3边界位于磁性地层内某一极性时期 [19-20] 南太平洋
U136522.85˚S、
165.65˚W磁性地层
Co通量模型0～6 m
10～18 m约1
＜0.2[21-22] 
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