Subduction plate boundary thrust system and dynamic characteristics in the Western Pacific
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摘要: 俯冲带是地球上最大地震的发源地。俯冲板块正断层为海水进入上地幔，引起蛇纹石化提供通道，其地震可能引发大海啸。研究其动力学机制，对推动俯冲带动力学过程研究及保护人类生命安全都具有重要意义。本文综述了西太平洋汤加海沟、马里亚纳海沟、伊豆-小笠原海沟和日本海沟俯冲板块外缘隆起带到海沟附近的正断层分布与变形特征，定量化阐明了地球动力学模拟方法揭示的西太平洋俯冲板块正断层形成过程。研究发现汤加海沟和马里亚纳海沟的正断层平均断距最大；俯冲板片有效弹性厚度变化直接影响正断层形成区域，而有效弹性厚度与板块年龄相关性较大。本文系统性回顾了西太平洋俯冲动力学研究并且提出了对未来相关研究的启示。Abstract: The majority of the world's greatest earthquakes are generated in subduction zones. Normal faults in subducting plates provide pathways for seawater intrusion, which facilitates mantle serpentinization and consequently triggers seismic activities or large tsunamis. The formation mechanisms of these normal faults need to be better understood to advance the understanding of subduction zone dynamics and ensuring human life safety. This paper reviews the characteristics of normal faults and deformation of subducting plates in the Tonga Trench, Mariana Trench, Izu-Bonin Trench, and Japan Trench in the western Pacific Ocean, describe in quantitative detail the formation of bending-related normal faults through geodynamic modeling. The study finds that the Tonga Trench and Mariana Trench exhibit the largest average fault throws among these subduction systems. The variations in effective elastic thickness of the subducting plate directly influence the distribution of normal faulting region. There is a significant correlation between plate effective elastic thickness and plate age. This paper provides a systematic review of research on the dynamics of the Western Pacific subduction zone and offers insights for future studies in this field.
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Keywords:
- subduction zone /
- normal fault /
- geodynamics /
- Western Pacific
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图 1 西太平洋俯冲系统的汤加海沟、日本海沟、伊豆-小笠原海沟和马里亚纳海沟
Figure 1. Tonga Trench, Japan Trench, Izu-Bonin Trench, and Mariana Trench in the western Pacific subduction system
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图 2 汤加海沟、日本海沟、伊豆-小笠原海沟、马里亚纳海沟海底地形
图a-d分别为汤加海沟、日本海沟、伊豆-小笠原海沟和马里亚纳海沟，白色线段为选取的断层剖面位置[15]。
Figure 2. Seafloor bathymetry of the Tonga, Japan, Izu-Bonin, and Mariana Trenches
a-d: the Tonga Trench, Japan Trench, Izu-Bonin Trench, and Mariana Trench, respectively. White lines depict the deployment of transaction profiling[15].
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图 4 汤加海沟、日本海沟、伊豆-小笠原海沟和马里亚纳海沟南北部的观测挠曲量及其平均值
黑色虚线细曲线显示单个剖面，红色粗曲线显示沟槽的平均剖面，远场参考海底深度用灰色线标记。蓝点所在位置为多个海沟轴部最大变形量W0的平均值，红色箭头所指位置Xc为弯曲曲率可忽略值[19]。
Figure 4. Observed flexures and their average values of the Tonga Trench, Japan Trench, Izu-Bonin Trench, and Mariana Trench
The thin black dashed curves: the individual profiles; the thick red curves: the average profile of the trenches; the grey line: the far-field reference seafloor depth. W0: the average of the maximum deformation in the axial part of several trenches. Xc: the negligible value of the bending curvature[19].
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图 5 海沟板块附近弯曲的示意图模型(a)和汤加-克马德克、马尼拉、菲律宾、日本以及马里亚纳海沟俯冲板块年龄与板块弯曲参数的关系(b)
X0为板块宽度，W0为最大变形量，V0和M0是弯曲参数[19]。
Figure 5. Schematic modelling of buckling near the trench plate (a) and the relationship between subducting plate age and plate buckling parameters in the Tonga-Kermadec, Manila, Philippine, Japan, and Mariana Trench subducting plates (b)
X0 is the slab width, W0 is the maximum deformation, and V0 and M0 are the bending parameters [19].
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图 6 汤加、日本、伊豆-小笠原、马里亚纳海沟俯冲板块正断层特征以及板块有效弹性厚度变化、计算的水平偏应力和有效弹性板厚度
a–d中黑色虚线表示伸展屈服带的最大深度，带误差条的黑圈显示了研究区域内可重新定位的外升正断层地震；e–h中是4个沟槽计算的Te（黑色曲线）和计算的面积SΔTe（白色区域）[15]。
Figure 6. Normal faulting characteristics in the subducting plates of the Tonga, Japan, Izu-Bonin, and Mariana Trench and variations in the effective plate elastic thickness
The black dashed lines in a-d indicate the maximum depth of the stretching yield zone, and the black circles with error bars show the relocatable outgoing uplift normal fault earthquakes in the study area; e-h are the calculated Te (black curves) and calculated area SΔTe (white areas) for the four trenches [15].
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