Variation in clay mineral input and the control factors in the Western Philippine Sea since 220 ka
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摘要: 为揭示晚更新世以来西太平洋暖池黏土矿物输入变化的控制因素，对采自西菲律宾海本哈姆隆起上的Ph05-5孔沉积物中的黏土矿物组成、来源和堆积速率进行了分析。结果表明，220 ka以来，该孔沉积物中的黏土矿物主要以伊利石（13%）和蒙皂石（8%）为主，其次为绿泥石（6%）和高岭石（2%）。伊利石和绿泥石主要来源于亚洲大陆，蒙皂石主要源于菲律宾海周围岛屿的火山物质在海底遭受海水侵蚀后形成的自生Fe-蒙皂石和西菲律宾海周围岛屿上的物质风化后形成的他生Al-蒙皂石。220 ka以来，伊利石和绿泥石的堆积速率表现出明显的冰期高-间冰期低的旋回变化，与该孔总的风尘堆积速率、亚洲风尘和北太平洋风尘堆积速率一致。冰期/间冰期太阳辐射降低/增强、亚洲内陆干旱程度加强/减弱，是导致伊利石等源于亚洲内陆的黏土矿物向菲律宾海输入增加/减少的主控因素。Ph05-5孔蒙皂石的堆积速率同样表现出明显的冰期高-间冰期低的特征，与该孔总的火山物质堆积速率一致。蒙皂石在轨道尺度的变化，主要受到海平面变化和热带类ENSO过程影响的降雨过程控制。冰期低海平面，菲律宾岛和海水的混合作用加强，使得蒙皂石的输入增加。此外，冰期在热带太平洋类拉尼娜较强，降雨量增加，导致向菲律宾海输入的火山物质（蒙皂石）增加，间冰期则相反,由于类厄尔尼诺增强，菲律宾岛区域干旱，火山物质（蒙皂石）向菲律宾海的输入减少。Abstract: To reveal the controlling factors of clay minerals input in the Western Pacific Warm Pool since the Late Pleistocene, we analyzed the composition, source, and mass accumulation rates (MARs) of clay minerals in the sediment from Core Ph05-5 recovered from the Benham Rise in the Western Philippine Sea. The results indicate that the clay minerals in the core sediment are mainly composed of illite (13%) and smectite (8%), followed by chlorite (6%) and kaolinite (2%). Over the last 220 ka, illite and chlorite are derived mainly from the Asian continent, and smectite is mainly authigenic Fe-smectite in volcanic origin from islands around the Philippine Sea after erosion by seawater at the seabed, and smectite formed by weathering of volcanic material from islands around the West Philippine Sea. The MARs of illite and chlorite displayed significant high value during the glacial period and low value during the interglacial period, which is consistent with the total MARs of eolian dust of Core Ph05-5, MARs of Asian dust and North Pacific dust over the last 220 ka. The decrease/enhancement of solar radiation during the glacial/interglacial period, as well as the strengthening/weakening of arid in Asian continent are the main controlling factors for the increase/decrease in the input of clay minerals, such as illite from Asian continent into the Philippine Sea. The MARs of smectite in Core Ph05-5 also exhibits high value during the glacial period and low value during interglacial period, which is consistent with the total MARs of the volcanic material in Core Ph05-5. The changes of smectite in the orbital scale are mainly controlled by global sea level change and precipitation influenced by tropical ENSO processes. The low sea level during the glacial period resulted in the strengthened mixing effect between the Philippine Island and seawater, and led to an increase of smectite input in the Philippine Sea. In addition, during the glacial period, La Niña-like process was stronger in the tropical Pacific, resulting in an increase in rainfall and increased volcanic materials (smectite) input into the Philippine Sea. On the contrary, during interglacial period, the strengthened El Niño-like process resulted in the drought in the Philippine islands, and the decreased volcanic materials (smectite) input in the Philippine Sea.
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Keywords:
- clay minerals /
- mass accumulate rate /
- late Pleistocene /
- Western Philippine Sea
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20世纪80年代初，我国海洋地质事业方兴未艾。1981年，《海洋地质与第四纪地质》前身《海洋地质研究》创办，1982年，《海洋地质前沿》前身《海洋地质研究动态》创刊。《海洋地质与第四纪地质》《海洋地质前沿》皆由青岛海洋地质研究所主办，何起祥先生为了海洋地质两刊（以下简称“两刊”）的长足发展殚精竭虑，从方向上引领，在业务上指导。
首先，何先生先后担任了两刊第二届编委会常务委员（1984—1991年）、第三届编委会委员（1991—2001年）；第四届编委会顾问委员（2001—2011年）；第五届编委会顾问委员（2011—2018年）。在近40年的岁月中，他帮助期刊找准定位，捕捉热点，紧紧抓住时代脉搏，尤其是海洋地学发展的趋势，开辟了“沉积与环境” “地球物理与地球化学” “古海洋与年代学” “油气与矿产” “第四纪地质” “综述与评述” “技术方法” “IODP快讯”等栏目，促进两刊真正成为海洋地学的“百花园”。
其次，何先生是两刊的作者。1985年，他作为第一作者首次在《海洋地质与第四纪地质》上发表“西沙群岛现代碳酸盐沉积的Sr、Ca、Mg地球化学”，自此笔耕不辍，在两刊留下了“碳酸盐沉积” “比较沉积学” “海洋碎屑沉积” “沉积动力学” “第四纪沉积作用” “沉积矿物学” “海岸带沉积”等方面的多篇著作，2011年，他在《海洋地质前沿》上发表“海洋沉积作用的物源控制”，是为在两刊上的收山之作。何先生以期刊为载体，深切刻画了他在沉积学领域不可磨灭的研究年轮。
再次，何先生在2011—2022年担任了两刊的学术指导，在此期间，两刊在海洋地学界的影响力有了质的飞跃。一方面他规划出版方向、制定出版计划；另一方面，他从稿件源头上严格把关，并兢兢业业地做着繁琐的审稿、改稿工作。何先生还在过去的12年里从未间断地为两刊做着英文编校的工作，每一篇稿件的英文摘要、每一个图表的英文标题，他在电子稿上全面修改过一次之后，还要在“三校”的纸稿上再次检查，字斟句酌，规范严谨。从年逾古稀到耄耋之年，他躬身做起编辑的工作，诠释了“平凡即伟大”的哲理。
记忆中的何先生总是专注地握着红笔，给两刊厚厚的校稿批红，或者在电脑前忙碌地修改着稿件。他满怀热忱，乐为善小，尊重并帮助每一位作者，他知道所有的作者相对他来说都是年轻人，他愿意为他们的成长而蜡炬成灰。在《海洋地质与第四纪地质》创刊40周年之际，何先生回首往事，感慨万千，始终觉得“当年创立的这本期刊是弥足珍贵的学术财富”。他的治学精神和处世之道于后辈而言，也是弥足珍贵的财富。
2023年，观山问海、论道沉积的老人离开了我们。有归路，无殊途。人类进化出复杂的情感和高级的思维，悲戚之后，更要以记忆和思念的方式让逝者的精神长存。
两刊编辑部全体同仁谨以此文深切怀念何起祥先生！
两刊编辑部 刘锐
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图 2 Ph05-5孔图像、δ18O曲线[21-22]和深度-年龄模式[5]及其与SPCMAP氧同位素曲线[23]对比图
其中4个AMS14C测年数据，LAD为粉红色G. ruber的末现面，MIS1—7为海洋氧同位1—7期，橙色的条带T1,T2,T3,T4为4个火山灰层。
Figure 2. Images, oxygen isotopic stratigraphy[21-22], and depth-age model for core Ph05-5[5] in comparison with the δ18O curve of SPECMAP[23]
Showing four AMS14C age points, the LAD (last appearance datum) of pink G. ruber , and the MIS1—7 boundaries. The orange bars T1, T2, T3, and T4 indicate the four tephra layers.
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图 3 Ph05-5孔黏土矿物的典型X-射线衍射图谱
样品为Ph05-5孔8～10 cm沉积物。
Figure 3. Typical X-Ray diffraction spectrum of clay minerals in Core Ph05-5
The sample is sediment at 8～10 cm in Core Ph05-5.
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图 6 Ph05-5孔黏土矿物堆积速率之间的相关性分析
Figure 6. Correlation analysis between MARs of clay minerals in Core Ph05-5
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图 7 Ph05-5孔伊利石和风尘堆积速率及其可能控制因素
Ph05-5孔风尘堆积速率、西峰风尘堆积速率、全球海平面和太阳辐射（65°N）数据分别引自文献[5]、[40]、[34]和[41]。
Figure 7. MARs of illite and eolian dust in core Ph05-5 sediment and the potential controlling factors
The MARs of eolian dust from the Xifeng profile, the global sea level data, and the insolation data are from references [5], [40], [34] and [41], respectively.
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图 8 Ph05-5孔蒙皂石和火山物质堆积速率及可能控制因素
Ph05-5孔火山物质堆积速率和全球海平面数据分别引自文献[5]和[34]。
Figure 8. MARs of smectite and bulk volcanic materials in core Ph05-5 sediment and the potential controlling factors
The MARs of volcanic materials in core Ph05-5 sediment and the global sea level data are adopted from references [5] and [34], respectively.
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