High-resolution records of sea surface temperature and salinity in the East China Sea in the last 14.2 ka: Implication from alkenone and its hydrogen isotopes
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摘要: 东海古海洋环境条件（如海表温度（SST）和盐度（SSS））研究显示其与低纬热带大洋和东亚季风（EAM）的水文气候变化存在不同步的特征。然而末次冰消期以来，东海表层水温和表层盐度如何对东亚季风和低纬热带大洋的协同作用作出响应，目前尚不清楚。本文基于近1.4万年来东海的高分辨率岩芯中长链烯酮及其氢同位素（δDalkenone）的表层温盐记录，以了解不同时间尺度上的驱动机制。结果表明，东海表层水温、盐度具有不同时间尺度的变化，为约1500 a的千年尺度以及约750、350和120 a的百年尺度的周期波动。在末次冰消期和全新世早期，由于黑潮增强将高温、高盐海水带入东海，导致表层水温度、盐度均较高。在全新世早中期（9.0～5.0 kaBP），由于东海水动力环流形成，并受高纬大气变化和低纬热带大洋环流的双重影响，从而引起显著的海洋层化现象，导致海表出现高而稳定的表层水温和相对较低的表层盐度。5.0～2.7 kaBP，东亚冬季风似乎有所增强，而东亚夏季风减弱，从而导致东海的上升流增强。这可能是由于黑潮势力减弱，随后导致东海的低SST和高SSS现象。全新世晚期，东海表层水温和表层盐度呈下降趋势，这与黑潮变化几乎同步。Abstract: Palaeoceanographic environmental conditions in the East China Sea (ECS) shown as sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS) may reveal asynchronous hydroclimate changes from low-latitude warm ocean and East Asian monsoon (EAM). However, it remains unclear whether the SST and SSS in the ECS showed a notable response to the spatiotemporal patterns of hydroclimate with the synergistic impacts of the EAM and tropical ocean since the last deglaciation. The SST and SSS records based on alkenone and its hydrogen isotopes (δDalkenone) with a high-resolution core from the ECS over the last 14 ka were analyzed to understand the forcing mechanisms on different timescales. Results indicate that the SST and SSS of the ECS fluctuated in millennial (～1500 a) and centennial (～750 a, ～350 a , and ～ 120 a) scales. During the last deglaciation and early Holocene, the Kuroshio was strengthened and carried relatively warm and salty seawater into the ECS, thus the SST and SSS were generally higher than normal ones. During the middle Holocene (9.0～5.0 kaBP), freshwater discharged into the ECS, followed by the regulation of its hydrodynamic circulations, which might create strong upper-ocean stratification, high and stable SST, and relatively low SSS. During 5.0~2.7 kaBP, the East Asian Winter Monsoon seemed to be strengthened, while the East Asian Summer Monsoon weakened, which enhanced the upwelling in the ECS due probably to the weakening of the Kuroshio, and subsequently led to the low SST and high SSS in the ECS. In the late Holocene, the surface water temperature and salinity in the ECS showed a decreasing trend, which was almost synchronous with the changes in the Kuroshio. This study presents new lights for further understanding of the low-latitude forcing on the paleoenvironmental evolution in marginal sea.
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Keywords:
- alkenone /
- δD /
- Kuroshio /
- millennial and centennial scales /
- East Asian monsoon /
- East China Sea
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图 1 研究区域和采样站
a：东海的表层沉积物和岩芯 CS11（深蓝色方块），b：西太平洋岩芯顶部沉积物。图中显示了东海现代夏、冬季风和主要海表洋流，包括东亚冬季风、东亚夏季风、长江冲淡水、 台湾暖流、黑潮和对马暖流。标记了本研究中相关的岩芯，包括 PC-1[22]、255[11]、1202B[33-34]、A03-B[35]、Oki02[36]和 MD063-05[37]。图b中虚线正方形所划区域是图a的所在区域，灰线画圈区域为浙闽泥质区。
Figure 1. Study area and sampling stations
a: surface sediment and core CS11 in the ECS (dark blue square). b: top-core sediment in the western Pacific. Modern summer and winter monsoon and major surface currents in the East China Sea are shown, including East Asian winter monsoon, East Asian summer monsoon, Changjiang River Diluted Water, Taiwan Warm Current, Kuroshio and Tsushima Warm current. The cores used to correlate in this study are marked, including PC-1[22], 255[11], 1202B [33,34], A03-B[35], Oki02 [36], and MD063–05[37]. The dotted line square is the region of (a). The area of grey line means the Zhe-Min mud area. The color in (b) is the sea surface salinity.
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图 3 海表盐度与烯酮的氢同位素比率
Figure 3. Surface water salinity vs hydrogen isotope ratios of alkenones
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图 4 烯酮浓度的变化、
$ {\mathbf{U}}_{37}^{\mathbf{k}\mathbf{\text{'}}} $ -SST、δDAlkenone与东海δDAlkenone的表层盐度a：$ {\mathrm{U}}_{37}^{\mathrm{k}\mathrm{\text{'}}} $-SST，b：烯酮浓度，c：δDAlkenone，d：表层盐度（SSS）。浅蓝色和橙色阴影分别表示变冷事件和变暖事件。
Figure 4. Variations of alkenone concentrations, SST based on
$ {\mathbf{U}}_{37}^{\mathbf{k}\mathbf{\text{'}}} $ , δDAlkenones, and SSS derived from δDAlkenones in the ECSa:$ {\mathrm{U}}_{37}^{\mathrm{k}\mathrm{\text{'}}} $-SST, b: alkenone concentrations, c: δDAlkenones, d: SSS. The light blue and orange shadows indicate the cold and warm events, respectively.
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图 5 东海古环境演化与选定古气候数据的比较
a：东海的$ {\mathrm{U}}_{37}^{\mathrm{k}\mathrm{\text{'}}} $-SST，b：东海的δDAlkenone，c：ODP1202B的$ {\mathrm{U}}_{37}^{\mathrm{k}\mathrm{\text{'}}} $-SST[33]，d：KY07-04- 01 岩芯的 δ18Oresid 记录[63]，e：255岩芯表层水温记录[11]，f：A03-B 的水温[35]，g：MD06-3040 的表层水温[48]，h：来自 70GGC 和 13GGC 的西太平洋暖池中间水温（IWT）异常[60]，i：PC-1中 P. obliquilocatata 丰度[17]，j：ODP 1202B 岩芯淤泥分拣[34]，k：Oki02 的黑潮（KC）指标[36]，l：岩芯 M063-05的RelDM[87]，m：东海海平面（SL）[49]和巴巴多斯岛（RSL，粉色方块）和大溪地岛（蓝色圆点）的相对海平面[64]，n：格陵兰岛冰芯δ 18O 记录，o：董哥洞石笋 δ 18O记录[65-66]。
Figure 5. Comparisons of the paleoenvironmental evolution from the ECS with selected paleoclimatic data
a:$ {\mathrm{U}}_{37}^{\mathrm{k}\mathrm{\text{'}}} $-SST record from the ECS, b: δDAlkenones-SSS record from the ECS, c:$ {\mathrm{U}}_{37}^{\mathrm{k}\mathrm{\text{'}}} $-SST from core ODP 1202B[33], d: δ18Oresid record from core KY07–04-01[63], e: SST record from core 255[11], f: water temperature from A03-B[35], g: SST in core MD06–3040[48], h: WPWP intermediate water temperature (IWT) anomaly from cores 70GGC and 13GGC[60], i: abundance (%) of P. obliquiloculatata from core PC-1[17], j: sorting silt in Core ODP 1202B[34], k: KC indicator in core Oki02[36], l: RelDM in core M063–05[87], m: sea level of the ECS (SL)[49] and the relative sea level of Barbados (RSL, pink square) and Tahiti (blue dot)[64], n: Ice core δ18O record from Greenland, o: Stalagmites δ18O records in the Dongge Cave[65-66].
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图 6 岩芯 CS11的表层水温（a）和表层盐度（b）时间序列的频谱分析结果
峰值上方的数字表示周期，虚线表示 95% 的置信水平。
Figure 6. Spectral analysis of SST (a) and SSS (b) time series of Core CS11
Numbers above peaks denote respective periods. The dotted lines indicate the confidence levels of 95%.
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图 7 全新世期间与高纬度气候过程和热带太平洋作用力有关的东海的表层水温和表层盐度变化模式
KC：黑潮，TWC：台湾暖流，EAWM：东亚冬季风，EASM：东亚夏季风，ZMCC：浙闽沿岸流。
Figure 7. A schematic model of SST and SSS changes in the ECS associated with high-latitude climate processes and tropical Pacific forcing during the Holocene
KC: Kuroshio Currents; TWC: Taiwan Warm Current; EAWM: East Asian Winter monsoon; EASM: East Asian Summer monsoon; ZMCC: Zhe-Min Coastal Current.
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