Coevolution of late Holocene environment and ancient civilization in the middle of the Tianshan Corridor of the Silk Road
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摘要:
天山廊道古环境变迁与古文明演进的耦合关系是丝绸之路人与自然生命共同体演化研究的重要问题之一。本文对巴音布鲁克湿地泥炭沉积剖面，以花粉作为古气候代用指标，结合花粉主成分分析结果、考古资料，揭示了天山廊道中段晚全新世植被演替历史、环境变化和人类活动演化规律。结果表明：① 青铜时期（
3877 ～2697 cal.aBP），花粉组合以荒漠植被为主，PCA轴1得分偏正，PCA轴2得分偏负，气候以冷干为主。人类活动集中于开都河、孔雀河流域。② 早期铁器时代至秦汉时期（2697 ～1756 cal.aBP），荒漠植被花粉含量下降，桦木属（Betula）优势凸显，禾本科（Poaceae）稳中有增，PCA得分与青铜时期相反，气候转变为暖湿。人工驯化类禾本科花粉频现，早期种植业在沙漠边缘绿洲兴起，人类活动中心向西移至轮台县一带。③ 三国两晋南北朝至隋唐五代十国时期（1756 ～850 cal.aBP），莎草科（Cyperaceae）、禾本科、云杉属（Picea）花粉含量均增加并达到剖面峰值，湿度变大，进入冷湿期，良好的自然条件使沙漠边缘发育了大片绿洲。人工驯化类禾本科花粉稳定增长，农耕文明进一步发展，为人类生产生活提供了稳定的物质资料，人类活动中心转移至库车河、渭干河流域。Abstract:The relationship between paleoenvironment and ancient civilization evolution of the Tianshan Corridor is one of the important issues in the study of the community of life for human being and the nature of the Silk Road. Taking the peat sedimentary profile of the Bayanbulak basin as research material, using pollen as proxy index of paleoclimate, and combining the results of principal component analysis (PCA) and archaeological data, we revealed the vegetation succession history, environmental change, and human activity evolution in the middle of Tianshan Corridor during the late Holocene. Results show that: (1) during the Bronze Age (
3877 ~2697 cal. aBP), the pollen was mainly composed of desert vegetation, with a positive score for PCA axis 1 and a negative score for PCA axis 2. The climate was characterized by cold and dry conditions. Human activities were concentrated in Kaidu and Kongque River basin. (2) From the early Iron Age to the Qin-Han Dynasties (2697 ~1756 cal. aBP), the pollen of desert vegetation decreased, Betula had a significant advantage, and the members of Family Poaceae increased. The PCA score was opposite to that of the Bronze Age, and the climate changed to warm and humid. Pollens of human-domesticated Poaceae species had occurred frequently, early cultivation emerged in desert edge oasis, and human activity centers moved westward to the area of Luntai County. (3) From the Three Kingdoms to Tang Dynasty (1756 ~850 cal. aBP), the percentage of the Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and Picea increased and reached the peak on the profile. The humidity increased and entered a cold-humid period. Good natural conditions favored the development of large oases at the edge of desert. The percentage of human planted crops had increased, and agricultural civilization further developed, providing stable material resources for human production and life. The focus of human activities had shifted to the Kuche River and Weigan River basins.-
Keywords:
- pollen /
- climate /
- human activity /
- coevolution /
- Tianshan Corridor
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图 1 丝绸之路天山廊道采样点及不同时期遗址点分布位置示意图
a： ①托勒库勒湖[11]，②草滩湖[12]，③天鹅湖[9]，④艾比湖[13]，⑤卡拉库里湖[14]，⑥塔合曼湿地[15]，⑦赛里木湖[4]，⑧乌伦古湖[16]，⑨乌帕尔[17]，⑩巴里坤湖[18]，⑪博斯腾湖[19]，⑫孔雀河[20]；b：青铜时期研究区遗址点分布图；c：早期铁器时代至秦汉时期研究区遗址点分布图；d：三国至隋唐时期研究区遗址点分布图。
Figure 1. The sampling location and sites distribution in different periods in the middle of the Tianshan Corridor of the Silk Road
a: ① Tuolekule Lake[11], ② Caotan Lake[12], ③ Swan Lake[9], ④ Ebinur Lake[13], ⑤ Kala-kule Lake[14], ⑥ Taheman wetland[15], ⑦ Sayram[4], ⑧ Wulungu Lake[16], ⑨ Wupaer[17], ⑩ Balikun Lake[18], ⑪ Bosten Lake[19], ⑫ Kongque River[20]; b: the archaeological sites of the Bronze Age in study area; c: the archaeological sites from the Early Iron Age to the Han Dynasties in study area; d: the archaeological sites from the Three Kingdoms to the Tang Dynasties in study area.
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图 2 巴音布鲁克剖面岩性及年代-深度关系图
Figure 2. Lithology, AMS14C, and calibrated ages versus the depth in the Bayanbulak section
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图 3 巴音布鲁克剖面花粉百分比图谱及聚类分析
Figure 3. Profile of pollen distribution and cluster analysis of the Bayanbulak section
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图 4 巴音布鲁克剖面花粉主成分分析
Figure 4. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the fossil pollen from the Bayanbulak section
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图 5 巴音布鲁克剖面气候演变序列及其与大区域古气候记录对比
a：巴音布鲁克PCA 轴 1 （本文），b：赛里木湖A/C值[27]，c：赛里木湖碳酸盐含量[4]，d：新疆北部湿度指数[26]，e：中亚干旱区模拟降水量[28]，f：孔雀河黏土含量[20]，g：乌伦古湖碳酸盐含量[16]，h：博斯腾湖碳酸盐含量[19]，i：巴音布鲁克PCA 轴 2 （本文）。
Figure 5. The climate evolution sequence of the Bayanbulak section and their comparison with other regional paleoclimate records
a: PCA axis 1 of the Bayanbulak section (this study), b: the Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae ratios of the Sayram Lake[27], c: the carbonate content of Sayram Lake[4], d: moisture index of the northern Xinjiang[26], e: precipitation changes in arid central Asia[28], f: clay content in the Kongque River[20], g: the carbonate content of the Wulungu Lake[16], h: the carbonate content of the Bosten Lake[19], i: PCA axis 2 of the Bayanbulak section (this study).
表 1 巴音布鲁克剖面年代测试结果
Table 1 AMS14C dates and calibrated age in the Bayanbulak section
编号 深度/cm 14C年龄/ aBP 日历年龄/ cal.aBP BA193057 35～36 920±20 850±61 BA212558 57～58 1675 ±251576 ±45BA212559 125～126 2705 ±252806 ±46BA212567 152～153 3565 ±253877 ±51注：测年材料为全有机质。 
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表 2 天山廊道中段不同时期人类活动遗址数量
Table 2 Number of human activity sites in different periods in the middle section of the Tianshan Corridor
个 青铜时代 早期铁器时代 秦汉 三国两晋南北朝 隋唐五代十国 塔里木盆地东北缘① 26 19 74 16 50 塔里木盆地北缘② 10 10 47 54 105 注：①包括库尔勒市、焉耆回族自治县、和静县、和硕县、博湖县、尉犁县、罗布泊地区，②包括轮台县、库车县、拜城县、新和县、沙雅县。
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