Micro-petrological characteristics and its sedimentological significance of thin coal seam and mudstone in Pinghu Formation in the northern part of Pinghu Slope, Xihu Sag
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摘要:
西湖凹陷平湖斜坡北段平湖组受河流与潮汐作用共同影响，水动力条件复杂，分支流水道砂体与潮汐水道砂体的成因存在争议。通过煤层与泥岩的微观岩石学特征分析，探讨其岩石结构与矿物组成、泥岩中碎屑颗粒排列方式、水动力条件与水介质环境，进而划分岩性相类型，展开砂-泥岩一体化的微相划分与水动力分析。其中，薄煤层可分为封闭洼地含草莓状黄铁矿煤层、分支流间湾沼泽纯煤层与天然堤粉砂质纹层煤层；泥岩可分为封闭洼地水平纹层状菱铁矿、分支流间湾含结核状菱铁矿，以及砂岩中交错纹层状菱铁矿。泥岩中广泛发育的菱铁矿指示平湖组沉积时期，发育富铁的局限潟湖环境；泥岩中黏土矿物以高岭石与伊利石混合的黏土为主，指示淡水-海水混层的沉积水介质环境。泥岩中微古生物与煤的显微组分指示其互层的箱形、钟形砂体为三角洲背景下的水道沉积，砂体为多期水道叠置的复合体。薄煤层与碳质泥岩及相关砂岩的微观岩石学分析表明，平湖斜坡北部平湖组具有典型的缓坡局限浅水沉积背景，陆源有机质供给丰富，泥岩中普遍富含碳质，砂体以单向水流沉积作用为主。薄煤层与泥岩岩相分析为薄煤层与砂岩成因分析提供了新的沉积学信息，为砂体预测评价提供了新的依据。
Abstract:The Pinghu Formation in the northern part of the Pinghu Slope is rive-tidal deposits. The hydrodynamic conditions were complex, and there is a controversy on the origin of sandbodies for distributary channels and tidal channels. Through the analysis of micro-petrological characteristics of coal seams and mudstones, the rock structure and mineral composition, the arrangement of clastic particles in mudstones, hydrodynamic conditions, and water medium environment were discussed, and the types of lithologic facies were divided, after which the sandstone microfacies were divided based on sandstone-mudstone integration, and hydrodynamics was analyzed. In particular, the thin coal seam can be categorized into the strawberry-shaped pyrite coal seam indicative of a closed-basin environment, the pure coal seam reflecting an interdistributary bay, and the silty laminated coal seam formed in natural levee. Mudstone can be categorized into horizontal lamellar siderite formed in a closed sag, siderite concretion formed in an interdistributary bay, and crisscrossed lamellar siderite in sandstone. The widely developed siderite in mudstone indicates that an iron-rich and restricted lagoon was developed during the deposition of Pinghu Formation in the north of Pinghu Slope. Minerals in mudstone are mainly clays mixed with kaolinite and illite, indicating a fresh-marine mixed water medium environment. The micropaleontological assemblage in mudstone and macerals of coal indicate that the interbedded box-shaped and bell-shaped sandbodies are channel deposits under delta background, and the sandbodies are the complex of multi-phase channel superposition. The microscopic petrological analysis of thin coal seams, mudstones, and related sandstones shows that the Pinghu Formation was formed in a typical gentle-slope water-restricted shallow background, in which terrigenous organic matter was rich, mudstones were carbon-abundant, and sandbodies were dominated by one-way flow sedimentation. This study provided new data and a reference for reconstructing the sedimentary framework, understanding the genesis, and predicting sand bodies and thin coal seams in the Pinghu Formation in the Xihu Sag.
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Keywords:
- thin coal /
- mudstone /
- micro-petrology /
- siderite /
- Pinghu Formation /
- Xihu Sag
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图 1 西湖凹陷构造单元与平湖构造带北部构造位置
Figure 1. The structural units of Xihu Sag and the structural position of the northern part of the Pinghu Slope
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图 2 KB8井平湖组岩性组合及其典型沉积构造与菱铁矿类型
Figure 2. Lithologic association, typical sedimentary structure, and siderite type of the Pinghu Formation in Well KB8
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图 3 平湖斜坡北段平湖组的地震反射特征
Figure 3. Seismic reflection profiles of the Pinghu Formation in the northern section of the Pinghu Slope
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图 4 KB8井平湖组典型薄煤层与泥岩岩屑图片
Figure 4. Typical pictures of coal seams and mudstones debris in the Pinghu Formation
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图 5 平湖组三种典型菱铁矿的形态特征
Figure 5. Morphological characteristics of three typical types of siderite in the Pinghu Formation
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图 6 平湖组典型煤层的显微岩石结构特征与硫化物
a：草莓状黄铁矿与薄煤层，KB1井，P8砂组，背闪射；b：泥质煤中草莓状黄铁矿，KB1井，P8砂组，背闪射；c：泥质与碳质互层，KB1井，P8砂组，背闪射；d：颗粒表面的菱铁矿包壳，KB8井，P5砂组，背闪射；e：碳质粉砂岩，KB8井，P5砂组，背闪射；f：碳质纹层，KB9井，P3砂组，背闪射。
Figure 6. Microstructures and sulfide types in typical coal seams of the Pinghu Formation
a: Strawberry-shaped pyrite and coal seam in P8 sand unit of Well KB1; back flash; b: strawberry-shaped pyrite in argillaceous coal in the P8 sand unit of Well KB1; back flash; c: argillaceous and carbonaceous interbed in the P8 sand unit of Well KB1, back flash; d: siderite cladding on particle surface in the P5 sand unit of Well KB8; back flash; e: carbonaceous siltstone in the P5 sand unit of Well KB8; back flash; f: carbonaceous lamina in the P3 sand unit of Well KB9; back flash.
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图 7 平湖组典型煤层的显微岩石结构特征
a：纯煤层，KB3井，P9砂组，单偏光；b：纯煤层，含草莓状黄铁矿，KB3井，P9砂组，反射光；c：泥质煤，KB3井，P7砂组，单偏光；d：粉砂质纹层煤，KB2井，P4砂组，单偏光；e：粉砂质纹层煤，KB8井，P4砂组，单偏光；f：碳质条带，KB7井，P9砂组，单偏光。
Figure 7. Microstructures of typical coal seams in the Pinghu Formation
a: Pure coal seam in P9 sand unit of Well KB3; single polarized light; b: pure coal seam, strawberry-shaped pyrite in P9 sand unit of Well KB3; reflected light; c: argillaceous coal in P7 sand unit of Well KB3; single polarized light; d: silty laminated coal in P4 sand unit of Well KB2; single polarized light; e: silty laminated coal in P4 sand unit of Well KB8l; single polarized light; f: carbon strip in P9 sand unit of Well KB7; single polarized.
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图 8 KB1井泥岩中典型的滑塌变形构造与菱铁矿
a：重力断层P8砂组，b：旋转纹层。
Figure 8. Typical structure of slumping deformation and siderite in mudstone of Well KB1
a: Gravity fault in P8 sand unit, b: rotated laminae.
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图 9 KB3井单井相与泥岩岩屑颗粒的微观岩石学特征
Figure 9. Microfacies and micro-petrological characteristics of mudstone debris in Well KB3
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图 10 KB3井平湖组碳质泥岩中的黏土矿物能谱图
a：碳质泥岩的背散射图片，X1为碳质纹层，X2为黏土质纹层；b：黏土质纹层的能谱。
Figure 10. Energy spectrum diagram of clay minerals in carbonaceous mudstone of the Pinghu Formation in Well KB3
a: The backscatter image of carbonaceous mudstone; X1: carbonaceous laminae, X2: clay laminae; b: energy spectrum of clayey laminae.
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图 11 平湖斜坡北段平湖组沉积模式图
Figure 11. Sedimentary model of the Pinghu Formation in the northern section of the Pinghu Slope
表 1 西湖凹陷新生代地层层序与演化阶段
Table 1 Table1 The Cenozoic stratigraphic sequence, tectonic evolution stage of the Xihu Sag
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表 2 平湖组泥岩与煤层的微观岩石学类型及古地理指示意义
Table 2 Paleogeographic implications of micro-petrology of mudstone and coal seams in the Pinghu Formation
菱铁矿与煤层、碳质泥岩类型 微观岩石学特征 古环境 粉砂质纹层泥岩与薄煤层、菱铁矿交错纹理层理 泥质、碳质纹层与粉砂质纹层互层，
长英质碎屑颗粒表面覆盖菱铁矿膜天然堤与分支流水道砂体 富硫化物薄煤层、结核状菱铁矿泥岩 纯的薄煤层、含菱铁矿结核的碳质泥岩 分支流间湾静水沉积环境 富含草莓状黄铁矿薄煤层与碳质泥岩、纹层状菱铁矿 碳质纹层与菱铁矿纹层交互，富含草莓状黄铁矿 浪基面下静水潟湖环境
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