Advance, challenge, and suggestion in geophysical technology for underwater archaeology survey
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摘要:
水下考古涉及不同的调查阶段，其调查范围、水下环境、调查目标存在很大差异，对应使用的调查技术和策略也不同。系统分析了常规的和最前沿的水下考古地球物理及潜水器技术的现状和优缺点，包括声学（多波束、侧扫声呐、浅地层剖面、单道/小多道地震）、磁力、电磁法、激光雷达、潜水器（HOV、ROV、AUV）等。目前水下考古在海床遗存图像识别、埋藏的小尺寸人工遗物探测、洞穴遗存的探测发掘、潮间带遗存探测和深海考古发掘等方面仍存在大量挑战。建议通过加强海洋行业合作，升级改进现有调查技术，建立技术装备共享机制，从而提升考古遗址发现数量和几率，避免遗址受破坏流失，降低考古经济成本。
Abstract:Underwater archaeology involves different stages of investigation, and the survey scope, underwater environment, and survey objective vary greatly. Therefore, corresponding survey techniques and strategies are also different. We analyzed conventional method and cutting-edge geophysical vehicle techniques of underwater archaeology, including acoustics (multi-beam echosounder, side-scan sonar, sub-bottom profiler, and single-channel/mini multi-channel seismic), electromagnetic, electric, LiDAR, and underwater operated vehicles (HOV/ROV/AUV) etc. At present, many challenges remain in underwater archaeology in terms of image recognition of seabed relics, detection of buried small-scale artificial relics, detection and excavation of cave leftovers, detection of intertidal remnants, and the exploration of deep-sea archaeology and excavation. It is our device to strengthen cooperation in marine industry, upgrade and improve existing survey technology, and establish a mechanism for hardware sharing to increase the probability of archaeological site discovery, avoid damage and loss of the sites, and reduce economic costs.
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图 2 水下史前考古遗址及中国主要水下考古遗址的水深信息
灰色柱状显示史前遗址发现数量随水深增加而迅速减少。红色曲线表示人口密度和调查技术方法随水深增加而减少；蓝线表示发现遗址的成本和技术难度随水深增大而不断增加；黑色星号表示中国主要水下考古遗址水深信息 [4]。
Figure 2. Distribution in the depth of all submerged prehistoric sites and major ancient shipwreck site in China
The number of known sites decreases rapidly with depth. The red curve uses arbitrary units to indicate that the population density and tool technology decreases as we go back in time and depth, and the blue line indicates the increasing cos twith depth and technical difficulty of working. Black stars indicate depth of major underwater archaeological sites in China[4].
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图 3 典型的水下考古调查方法示意图
a: 浅地层剖面仪，b: 多波束测深仪，c: 地震系统，d. 侧扫声呐系统， e: AUV，f: 沉积物取样器，g: 无人机激光雷达，h: 人工潜水挖掘。
Figure 3. Typical setup for underwater archaeological survey
a: sub-bottom profiler; b: multibeam echosounder; c: Reflection seismic system; d: side scan sonar; e: autonomous underwater vehicle; f: sediment sampling gravity corer; g: UAV-airborne LiDAR bathymetry; h: Diver-controlled excavation.
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图 4 近海岛礁古沉船遗址探测
a: 侧扫声呐和浅地层剖面系统的基本工作原理示意图；b: 拖曳于调查船尾的侧扫声呐换能器发射垂直宽扇形高频声脉冲扫描海底，海床反射脉冲（背向散射）被记录并处理，生成海床和沉船高精度侧扫声呐地貌图像；c: 船载浅地层剖面系统沿垂直方向发射垂直窄波束高频脉冲，海底和更深层的反射声脉冲被记录和处理，生成海底和沉船浅地层剖面图像[11]。
Figure 4. Exploration of the ancient shipwreck site off the coast of Island
a: schematic presentation showing basic operation principles of the side scan sonar (SSS) and sub-bottom profiler (SBP); b: the SSS transmits high-frequency sound pulses in a vertically wide fan shape from a moving vessel, which scans the seafloor. The reflected pulses from the seafloor (backscatter) are recorded and processed to produce a perspective image of the seafloor; c: the SBP emits a narrow acoustic beam, which penetrates the layers beneath the seafloor. The reflected acoustic pulses from the seabed and the deeper layers are recorded and processed to produce a vertical plane seismic section of the seabed along the vessel’s trajectory[11].
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图 5 不同声学或地震探测技术分辨率和穿透深度
Figure 5. Relationship between resolution and penetration depth of different acoustic/seismic detection techniques
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图 6 三维浅地层剖面系统探测考古遗址
a．安装在小型调查船上的SES-2000 quattro参量三维浅剖； b. 水下摄影显示的居民桩基遗迹； c. 三维浅剖数据揭示民居桩基遗迹（b）、沉积层、埋藏物、考古文化层[23]。
Figure 6. Exploration of archaeological sites by 3D sub-bottom profiler
a: SES-2000 quattro parametric sub-bottom profiler mounted on a small survey vessel; b: remains of resident pilings as shown by underwater photography; c: 3D data of SES-2000 quattro reveals the remains of resident pilings, sedimentary layer, buried objects, and archaeological culture layer in b[23].
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图 7 机载激光雷达测深
a.机载激光雷达测深效率是调查船声学测深的数倍， b.海南东锣岛多波束测深和LiDAR测深数据融合一体成图。
Figure 7. Airborne LiDAR bathymetry
a: the ALB efficiency is several times that of the acoustic sounding by survey ship: b: integrated map of multi-beam sounding and Lidar sounding data of the Dongluo Island, Hainan, China.
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表 1 水下考古调查的不同阶段及其规模、水下环境及相应分辨率
Table 1 Different stages, scale, underwater environment, and corresponding resolution of underwater archaeological survey
调查阶段 调查范围 水下环境 分辨率 区域预查 百千米级 大陆架 十米级 潜力区普查 十千米级 河系 米级 重点区详查 千米级 河谷 分米级 遗址勘探 十米级 结构、层位 分米级 遗址发掘/恢复/保存 米或分米级 人工遗物 厘米级 
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表 2 水下考古主要地球物理技术及其数据信息类型
Table 2 Main geophysical techniques and data information types of underwater archaeology
技术分类 调查技术 探测分辨率 数据信息类型 声学 侧扫声呐（多脉冲、多波束声呐等） 分米级 海底地形地貌、水下裸露/半掩埋目标物 合成孔径声呐 厘米级 三维扫描声呐 厘米级 条带多波束测深 米级 声学 常规声学浅剖 分米级 浅部地层结构（二维）、浅埋目标物 Chirp浅剖 分米级 参量浅剖 厘米级 Boomer单道地震 分米或米级 电火花单道地震 米级 电火花小多道地震 分米级 Chirp/参量/合成孔径三维浅剖（3D Chirp、SES2000 Quattro、
SBI、海底鹰等）厘米级 浅部地层结构（三维）、浅埋目标物 磁力/电磁 磁力（梯度）测量 亚米级 磁力剖面和磁异常平面 电磁测量 米级 电阻率剖面 光学 机载LiDAR测深 分米级 岸滩、浅水地形 潜水器平台 HOV、ROV、AUV及其任务载荷技术 — 声学影像/光学摄像/海水、沉积物样品/岩芯等
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