Controlling factors and distribution of geochemical characteristics of the surface sediments in the Yellow River Delta
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摘要: 基于黄河三角洲周边海域180个站位的表层沉积物资料，分析了16种地球化学元素的分布特征，利用多元统计分析、数值模拟、元素比值等方法，探讨了沉积物粒度、水动力环境以及物质来源等因素对于表层沉积物地球化学特征的影响。在地球化学元素分布的基础上，运用聚类分析将研究区划分为6个地球化学区域。I-2区、I-3区、II-1区和II-2区东部的大部分元素（TFe2O3、Al2O3、MgO、MnO、K2O、Cr、Ni、Cu）含量较高，沉积物粒度较细；I-1区、II-3区的SiO2含量较高，沉积物粒度较粗。潮流控制着沉积物的起动及运移，潮余流影响着细粒沉积物以及多数元素的富集，水动力作用通过改变沉积物粒度空间格局进而控制这些元素的分布。研究区黄河物质输入以及人类活动影响的区域性差异明显，黄河物质输入主要作用于现行黄河口海域，人类活动对埕北老黄河口的Cd、Zn、Pb、P2O5影响最为显著。自然因素是控制研究区表层沉积物地球化学特征分布的主要原因，人类活动则进一步改变了部分元素的空间分布规律。Abstract: The distribution characteristics of 16 elements in the surface sediments from 180 sites in the Yellow River Delta were analyzed. The effects of sediment grain size, hydrodynamic environment, and material sources on geochemical characteristics of the surface sediments were analyzed using multivariate statistical analysis, numerical modelling, and element ratio; and the main controlling factors of geochemical characteristics of surface sediments in the study area were discussed. Based on the distribution of geochemical elements, the study area was divided into six geochemical regions by cluster analysis. Most of the elements (TFe2O3, Al2O3, MgO, MnO, K2O, Cr, Ni, Cu) in Regions I-2, I-3, II-2, and the eastern part of II-1 are characterzied by elevated concentrations, and the sediment grain size in these areas is fine. The contents of SiO2 are higher in Regions I-1 and II-3, and the sediment grain size is coarser. Results show that tidal current controled the initiation and transport of sediment in the study area, and tidal residual currents affected the enrichment of fine-grained sediment and most elements. Local hydrodynamic environment controlled the spatial pattern of grain size in surface sediments. Obvious regional differences in material input from the Yellow River and human activities were revealed. The modern Yellow River estuary was strongly controlled by material input from the Yellow River. Human activities had a stronger impact on Chengbei Old Yellow River estuary, especially Cd, Zn, Pb and P2O5. Natural factors were the main factors on the geochemical distribution of surface sediments, while human activities further alytered the spatial distribution of some elements.
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图 4 表层沉积物常微量元素含量分布图
Figure 4. Distribution in concentration of major and minor elements of the surface sediments
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图 9 海上主要开发利用活动分布图
Figure 9. Distribution of major offshore development and utilization activities
表 1 潮流潮位验证点概况
Table 1 Information of tidal current and tidal level verified on site
潮流验证点 北纬 东经 潮位验证点 北纬 东经 1 38°11′51.84″ 118°17′58.62″ 大口河（1#） 38°15′ 117°50′ 2 38°14′04.20″ 118°23′39.60″ 塘沽（2#） 38°59′ 117°45′ 3 38°16′45.12″ 118°39′06.54″ 曹妃甸（3#） 38°57′ 118°31′ 4 38°13′30.48″ 119°00′43.20″ 八角（4#） 37°39′ 121°08′ 5 37°54′30.60″ 119°18′12.60″ 北隍城（5#） 38°22′ 120°51′ 6 37°43′17.76″ 119°25′00.00″ 大连港（6#） 38°56′ 121°40′ 
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表 2 研究区表层沉积物常量元素含量
Table 2 Contents of major elements of surface sediments in the study area
% 常量组分 SiO2 TFe2O3 Al2O3 TiO2 CaO MgO K2O MnO P2O5 平均值 59.38 4.46 12.30 0.66 6.77 2.37 2.52 2.71 0.09 最大值 68.94 6.11 14.57 0.76 10.55 3.19 2.93 3.88 0.13 最小值 45.73 2.84 8.89 0.45 4.16 1.43 2.06 1.83 0.05
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表 3 研究区表层沉积物微量元素含量
Table 3 Contents of trace elements of surface sediments in the study area
mg/kg 微量组分 Cr Ni Cu Zn Cd Pb Zr 平均值 67.45 27.58 23.73 79.60 0.13 22.60 273.10 最大值 83.20 40.50 66.33 332.96 0.36 39.20 685.00 最小值 36.80 14.80 4.18 34.70 0.07 6.56 113.79
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表 4 埕北老黄河口海域表层沉积物元素相关性分析
Table 4 Correlation coefficients between values of elements and average particle size in Chengbei Old Yellow River estuary
SiO2 TFe2O3 Al2O3 TiO2 CaO MgO K2O MnO P2O5 Cr Ni Cu Zn Cd Pb Zr Mz SiO2 1 TFe2O3 −0.99 1 Al2O3 −0.96 0.98 1 TiO2 −0.57 0.58 0.50 1 CaO −0.57 0.44 0.41 0.33 1 MgO −0.81 0.81 0.72 0.58 0.38 1 K2O −0.96 0.99 0.99 0.49 0.36 0.75 1 MnO −0.94 0.94 0.93 0.55 0.47 0.75 0.91 1 P2O5 0.17 −0.19 −0.27 0.26 −0.07 0.16 −0.26 −0.15 1 Cr −0.84 0.84 0.78 0.70 0.45 0.84 0.80 0.88 −0.01 1 Ni −0.91 0.92 0.92 0.52 0.44 0.69 0.91 0.76 −0.24 0.75 1 Cu −0.78 0.78 0.77 0.40 0.39 0.57 0.76 −0.11 −0.24 0.60 0.74 1 Zn 0.11 −0.10 −0.11 0.00 −0.01 −0.11 −0.13 −0.16 −0.07 0.16 −0.06 0.03 1 Cd 0.12 −0.15 −0.17 −0.02 −0.07 −0.09 −0.17 0.36 0.13 0.18 −0.16 −0.01 0.98 1 Pb −0.22 0.23 0.21 0.26 0.12 0.11 0.21 0.27 0.10 0.17 0.38 0.25 0.48 0.37 1 Zr 0.78 −0.77 −0.79 −0.08 −0.38 −0.64 −0.78 −0.73 −0.14 0.52 −0.68 −0.61 0.11 0.11 0.03 1 Mz −0.94 0.94 0.94 0.47 0.43 0.75 0.94 0.85 −0.20 0.75 0.86 0.77 0.10 0.14 0.13 −0.78 1 注：n=62。
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表 5 现行黄河口海域表层沉积物元素相关性分析
Table 5 Correlation coefficients between values of elements and average particle size in modern Yellow River estuary
SiO2 TFe2O3 Al2O3 TiO2 CaO MgO K2O MnO P2O5 Cr Ni Cu Zn Cd Pb Zr Mz SiO2 1 TFe2O3 −0.91 1 Al2O3 −0.78 0.84 1 TiO2 −0.10 0.31 0.16 1 CaO −0.80 0.74 0.54 0.08 1 MgO −0.88 0.92 0.77 0.30 0.80 1 K2O −0.75 0.77 0.84 0.14 0.57 0.69 1 MnO −0.78 0.87 0.76 0.25 0.59 0.75 0.70 1 P2O5 0.11 −0.02 −0.27 0.71 0.06 0.06 0.34 −0.06 1 Cr −0.64 0.62 0.58 0.37 0.22 0.53 0.38 0.58 0.01 1 Ni −0.81 0.66 0.56 0.06 0.39 0.57 0.46 0.56 −0.2 0.78 1 Cu −0.87 0.90 0.79 0.20 0.70 0.80 0.76 0.81 −0.12 0.57 0.67 1 Zn −0.76 0.84 0.85 0.21 0.54 0.75 0.71 0.75 −0.19 0.59 0.61 0.82 1 Cd −0.68 0.50 0.21 0.01 0.41 0.49 0.26 0.36 0.02 0.54 0.80 0.46 0.39 1 Pb −0.81 0.78 0.70 0.10 0.66 0.74 0.71 0.72 −0.10 0.52 0.63 0.86 0.69 0.49 1 Zr 0.19 −0.14 −0.34 0.08 0.02 −0.07 0.23 −0.13 0.38 0.29 −0.28 0.15 0.24 0.01 0.07 1 Mz −0.74 0.58 0.54 0.05 0.34 0.50 0.45 0.48 −0.20 0.69 0.90 0.58 0.54 0.71 0.52 −0.25 1 注：n=118。
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表 6 因子分析结果
Table 6 Results of factor analysis
元素
组分埕北老黄河口海域 现行黄河口海域 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 F4 SiO2 −0.988 0.007 −0.067 −0.829 −0.517 0.018 −0.079 TFe2O3 0.989 0.004 0.054 0.910 0.300 0.165 0.110 Al2O3 0.978 −0.013 −0.068 0.882 0.012 −0.020 0.385 TiO2 0.544 0.094 0.674 0.163 −0.045 0.955 0.104 CaO 0.503 0.028 0.123 0.792 0.212 −0.011 −0.333 MgO 0.789 −0.049 0.407 0.875 0.274 0.181 −0.030 K2O 0.973 −0.024 −0.048 0.855 0.068 −0.295 0.142 MnO 0.951 −0.001 0.066 0.836 0.188 0.135 0.161 P2O5 −0.237 0.011 0.835 −0.115 0.028 0.846 −0.393 Cr 0.833 −0.069 0.366 0.400 0.537 0.319 0.555 Ni 0.936 0.071 −0.026 0.446 0.776 −0.021 0.352 Cu 0.812 0.139 −0.103 0.882 0.292 0.040 0.114 Zn −0.114 0.966 0.011 0.825 0.159 0.054 0.312 Cd −0.168 0.924 0.050 0.243 0.933 0.007 −0.043 Pb 0.257 0.678 −0.002 0.808 0.334 −0.026 0.008 Zr −0.784 0.089 0.195 −0.093 0.021 0.189 −0.806 方差贡献 57.68% 13.53% 9.04% 45.48% 19.86% 11.40% 9.96% 累积方差贡献 57.68% 71.21% 80.25% 45.48% 65.34% 76.74% 86.70%
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