Application of airborne LiDAR to identification of underwater geomorphology and fine interpretation of faults.
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摘要: 机载激光雷达水深测量是高效获取高精度近岸海底地形的一种新型技术，具有测量精度高、效率高、作业区域广的特点。通过分析CZMIL Nova Ⅱ机载激光雷达测深系统获取的南海某岛高分辨率海底地形数据，发现除地貌类型的识别以外，该数据还可用于海底断裂构造的高精度解译。通过对激光雷达测深渲染图像的解译，发现工作区海底地貌由沙嘴、海岬、海湾、古波切台、岸坡、断陷洼地、峡谷、平原和断块残丘组成；海底发育走向NW、NNW、NNE和NEE的 4组主要断裂，环绕海岛的岸线和水下地貌受多组断裂的控制；海底断裂系统在地表的延伸部分得到了CZMIL Nova Ⅱ系统数字相机同步拍摄的陆地高分辨率图像的验证。本项研究将陆地构造的遥感解译方法拓展到高程渲染图像的水下断裂解译，在清澈水域的海岸带调查工作中具有很大的应用潜力。
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关键词:
- CZMIL Nova Ⅱ /
- 机载激光雷达测深 /
- 海底地貌 /
- 海底断裂 /
- 精细解译
Abstract: The airborne lidar bathymetry (ALB) is a new equipment for efficient survey of offshore seabed topography with high precision, high accuracy, high efficiency and wide operation area. By study of the high-resolution submarine topography data collected by the CZMIL Nova Ⅱ ALB system from an island in the South China Sea, it is found that the data can be used for efficient identification of geomorphic types and precise interpretation of submarine fractures, and the principles and methods adopted are very similar to the remote sensing interpretation for land structures. Through the detailed interpretation of the images acquired by lidar sounding, many seabed geomorphic types are found in the study area, for examples, the sand spit, headland, bay, ancient wave-cut platform, bank slope, fault depression, valley, submarine plain and residual fault block. The submarine landform and coastline surrounding the island are mainly controlled by fractures. Four groups of faults in NW, NNW, NNE and NEE directions are found on the seafloor, basically in consistent with the regional tectonic patterns. The extension of submarine rift system on land surface is proved by the high-resolution images acquired synchronously by the digital camera of CZMIL Nova Ⅱ system. Our experience in this survey proves that to extend the technique of remote sensing interpretation for land structures to the underwater fault interpretation offshore is a good solution to the precise detection of fault structures in coastal shallow waters. -
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图 1 数据处理及遥感解译流程图
Figure 1. Flowchart of data processing and remote sensing interpretation
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图 2 以激光雷达高程渲染图像为背景的地貌、主要断裂及剖面位置图
Figure 2. Map of geomorphology, with major faults and profile locations map based on lidar elevation rendering images
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图 3 局部放大的1号断陷洼地（a）及菱形残丘（b）激光雷达测高渲染图像
Figure 3. Locally enlarged fault depression No. 1 (a) and rhombic monadnock (b) lidar sounding rendered images
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图 4 断裂系统在陆域超高分辨率图像和海域激光雷达图像上的影像特征
a. NW向断裂由水下延伸到陆地； b. NEE向断裂控制了岸线的走向，水下NW向断裂控制陆地直角海岬。
Figure 4. Image characteristics of the fracture system on ultra-high resolution images of land area and marine lidar images
a. The NW strike faults extended from seafloor to land, b. The extension direction of the shoreline was controlled by NEE strike faults , while seabed NW faults controlled the right-angle land promontory.
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图 5 利用激光雷达渲染图像解译的海底断裂及局部放大图的空间位置示意
Figure 5. Submarine faults interpreted by lidar rendering image, partly enlarged
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图 6 控制西南岸线的断裂带激光雷达和陆域超高分辨率影像
Figure 6. Lidar and ultra-high resolution images of the fault zone along the southwest shoreline
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图 7 倾向NE、NEE和NW的断层崖陆域超高分辨率图像
Figure 7. Ultra-high resolution image of fault scarps tending in NE，NEE and NW directions
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图 8 NW走向断裂的不同运动学特征
a. 右行走滑断层，b. 左行走滑断层。
Figure 8. Kinematic characteristics of NW strike fractures
a. Right-lateral faults，b. left-lateral faults .
表 1 研究区激光测深精度统计
Table 1 Statistics of the depth measurement accuracy in the study area
深度/m 平均误差/m 标准差/m RMSE/m 系统标称精度/m IHO 1a级要求/m 30 −0.304 0.211 0.369 0.492 0.634 
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表 2 利用雷达高程渲染图像解译的主要海底断裂
Table 2 Main submarine fractures interpreted from lidar rendering image
断裂
编号走向 解译标志 推测
性质是否陆地
影像验证F1 NEE 平直的长陡崖 正断层 否，未延伸至陆地 F2 NW 平直沟槽、断陷洼地边界 正断层 是 F3 NW 平直沟槽、断陷洼地边界 正断层 否，未延伸至陆地 F4 NW 平直沟槽、断陷洼地边界 正断层 否，未延伸至陆地 F5 NNW 平直沟槽，断块山边界 未知 否，未延伸至陆地 F6 NW 陡崖，断块山边界 未知 否，未延伸至陆地 F7 NNW 陡崖、U型谷西边界 正断层 否，未延伸至陆地 F8 NNW 陡崖、U型谷东边界 正断层 否，未延伸至陆地 F9 NNW 陡崖、平直沟槽 未知 否，未延伸至陆地 F10 NW 平直沟槽、线性排列陡坎 正断层 否，未延伸至陆地 F11 东凸弧形 陡崖、断陷洼地边界 正断层 否，未延伸至陆地 F12 NW 平直沟槽、鞍状地貌 未知 是 F13 EW 线性排列陡坎、岸坡边界 未知 否，未延伸至陆地 F14 NEE 线性排列陡坎、岸坡边界 未知 否，未延伸至陆地 F15 NNW 平直沟槽、陡坎 未知 是 F16 NW 平直陡崖 正断层 否，未延伸至陆地 F17 NNW 断陷洼地边界，陡坎 正断层 否，未延伸至陆地 F18 SN 平直沟槽 未知 否，未延伸至陆地 F19 NWW 平直沟槽、鞍状地貌 平移断层 是 F20 NWW 陡坎 未知 否，未延伸至陆地
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