Provenance and climatic changes of the Natal Valley, Southeastern Africa since MIS12: the clay minerals records from Hole U1474, IODP361
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摘要: 氧同位素(marine isotope stage,MIS)MIS12期以来的气候环境变化对非洲东南部古人类的迁徙和演化影响甚远。非洲东南外海纳塔尔海谷U1474孔由IODP 361航次获取,通过X射线衍射法(XRD)对前20 m共149个样品中的黏土矿物组成进行测试分析,结果显示自MIS12期以来U1474站位的黏土矿物组成以蒙脱石为主,平均含量为39.23%;其次为伊利石,平均含量为26.11%;高岭石平均含量为17.79%;绿泥石含量最低,平均含量为17.19%;伊利石的结晶度较好,为0.35°Δ2θ(<0.4°Δ2θ),而且化学指数较低,为0.30(<0.43)。其组合特征意味着其主要由非洲东南部三大河流携带输入(图盖拉河、林波波河和赞比西河)。U1474孔黏土矿物组成和参数变化自MIS12期以来的变化指示了非洲东南部的气候变化,其变化有着明显的冰期-间冰期旋回特征,可划分为5个阶段,每个阶段冰期寒冷干燥,间冰期相对温暖湿润。在每个时期呈现出一定的亚轨道的气候波动异常,常有冷暖、干湿波动的情形,这可能受到区域大气环流和临近海流(如厄加勒斯流)的影响。Abstract: Climatic and environmental changes have rendered great impacts on the migration and evolution of hominid in Southeast Africa, since the Marine Isotope Stage 12(MIS12). Clay mineral assemblages, contents and mineralogy of 149 sediment samples collected from the Hole U1474 by the Expedition 361 of the International Ocean Discovery Program(IODP), have been analyzed and measured with X-ray diffraction(XRD). The hole is located in the Natal Valley of Southeast Africa, The results show that the clay minerals are mainly composed of smectite(39.23% on average), illite (26.11% on average), kaolinite(17.79% on average)and minor chlorite(17.19% on average). The crystallinity of illite in all samples are high and on an average of 0.35°Δ2θ(<0.4°N 2θ), and the illite chemical indices are as low of 0.30(<0.43 on average. The clay mineral assemblages of the Hole U1474 suggest a riverine source mainly derived from the three major rivers (the Tugela River, the Limpopo River and the Zambezi River)in Southeast Africa. The variation of clay mineral composition and related parameters of the Hole U1474 indicates that the climate changes in the Southeast Africa since MIS12 is obviously characterized by glacial-interglacial cycles and can be divided into five stages. Each stage is cold and dry during the glacial period, and relatively warm and humid during the interglacial period. In each period, there are some abnormal suborbital climate fluctuations, such as cold and warm, dry and wet fluctuations, affected by regional atmospheric circulation and adjacent ocean currents, such as the Agulhas Current.
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Keywords:
- provenance /
- paleoclimate /
- clay minerals /
- glacial-interglacial cycle /
- MIS12 Stage /
- Natal Valley
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地球上的海岸和陆架极易受到全球变化和人类活动的影响而且十分敏感,它既是过去和当今全球变化的信息库,也是全球变化的重要贡献者[1]。在第四纪时期的全球变化背景下,海岸和陆架环境在演化历程中经历过不同的系统响应和状态转换,并且沉积记录分析是研究上述系统响应和状态转换的重要方法和手段,可为不同时期形成的沉积体系的对比提供基础数据,以分析系统演化的过程和机理,促进厘清全球变化与海岸和陆架沉积体系之间的复杂关系[1-2]。
晚第四纪以来,中国的海岸和陆架地貌与沉积环境演化主要受控于全球性海面升降旋回下的复杂海陆交互作用[3]。其中,河流与海岸和陆架的交互作用广泛且强烈,尤其对于黄河、长江等大河则更为突出,重要大河与海岸和陆架交互作用的产物、过程和机理应是中国海陆交互作用研究的重要内容[4]。重要大河与海岸和陆架交互作用形成的沉积体系蕴藏着丰富的全球变化信息,是重建海面变化、恢复大河河口海岸地貌演化以及估算大河入海沉积物通量和归宿等的重要研究载体[4]。晚第四纪以来,黄河与长江都曾经在江苏中部海岸注入南黄海,河海交互作用形成一系列沉积,全新世海侵后发育岸外辐射沙脊群[4](图1)。因此,江苏中部海岸及岸外辐射沙脊群是研究晚第四纪不同大河交互作用下的海岸和陆架沉积层序模式的理想区域,亦是研究晚第四纪黄海海面变化、古长江和古黄河河口海岸地貌演化及入海沉积物通量和归宿等问题的重要载体。
图 1 苏北射阳河口及其邻区遥感影像与本文主要研究的钻孔和浅层地震剖面测线位置图中蓝色线段表示浅层地震剖面测线,青色圆点表示钻孔位置。Figure 1. Remote sensing imageries of the Sheyang estuary in Northern Jiangsu and its adjacent regions, and the location of sedimentary cores and track lines of shallow seismic profiles mainly studied in this paperThe blue lines show the track lines of shallow seismic profiles. The cyan dots show the location of sedimentary cores.1. 地貌和沉积背景
本文研究钻孔所在的区域是苏北射阳河口(图1),在区域地质构造上,它属于扬子准地台北部的苏北-南黄海南部盆地盐阜坳陷中的射阳凸起,在该凸起上有厚达200~240 m的第四纪松散沉积物[5]。在地理位置上,射阳河口位于苏北粉砂淤泥质海岸,处在苏北废黄河三角洲侵蚀岸段与江苏中部淤积岸段之间的过渡区域,是淤蚀交替地带,系现代海岸地貌演变的节点处,同时也是晚第四纪古黄河古长江交互作用的关键区域之一,AD 1128—1855年黄河南徙经射阳河口以北入海,深刻影响着这一区域的历史地貌演化。射阳河是目前江苏北部重要的通海河流,历史上它曾是一条很好的出海航道,1938年前曾有5 000吨级海轮自上海直达射阳,并沿河上溯至阜宁一带,但1956年修建射阳河挡潮闸,之后闸下及外航道出现严重淤积,致使射阳河航行中断,港口瘫痪。为了促进苏北经济全面快速发展,1978年国家批准重建射阳港,1994年射阳港获批为国家二类对外开放口岸,成为我国距韩国、日本最近的港口之一。沿射阳港向上,首先与射阳河、黄沙河等相连,进而又与通榆运河、京杭大运河相接,形成南达长江、北抵京津、辐射江淮的“河海联运”系统[6]。根据江苏省沿海发展规划要求,射阳港正在建设3.5万吨级航道码头,开展10万吨级大港前期论证工作。因此,探明射阳河口的晚第四纪沉积层序及其形成演化,可为今后射阳港扩建和持续高质量发展提供重要科学依据。
2. 现有认识与再认识
2.1 NTCJ1钻孔沉积序列与年代的现有认识及其不足
本文再研究和再认识的NTCJ1钻孔是中国地质调查局青岛海洋地质研究所依托“1∶100万南通幅海洋区域地质调查”项目于2002年8月采集分析和研究的,同时采集的还有NTCJ2钻孔。NTCJ1孔(孔位:33°49′15.36″N、120°28′39.48″E)和NTCJ2孔(孔位:33°49′14.76″N、120°33′4.98″E)均位于射阳河口,两孔揭露的沉积层序类似,其中NTCJ1孔位于射阳河口附近海岸的潮上带高潮线附近,距岸线260 m的陆上,孔口标高约2.0 m,终孔深度22.00 m,岩芯平均取芯率为91.50%;NTCJ2孔位于射阳河口附近海岸的潮下带水深6.0 m,距离岸线6520 m,距离NTCJ1孔6810 m,终孔深度20.60 m,岩芯平均取芯率为76.00%[7]。原研究者通过对这两个钻孔岩芯进行的地质编录和粒度、地球化学、矿物、微体古生物、测年等项目的室内分析测试,为射阳河口地区的晚第四纪沉积特征和环境演变研究提供了大量基础地质资料,同时原研究者主要根据钻孔沉积物的岩性、粒度、介形虫和有孔虫的分析结果划分出主要的沉积相段,并通过钻孔沉积物的孢粉组合与前人相关的研究结果做对比,断定NTCJ1孔和NTCJ2孔所揭露的地层均为全新世沉积,进而认为由于射阳河口全新世沉积中有部分是当地和邻近的更老海底沉积物受波浪和潮流的侵蚀、搬运并再沉积而成,其中含有许多与当时环境不符的生物化石,因此这两个钻孔底部获得的3个砂质沉积样的ESR测年数据(表1)就必然明显偏老,不能作为定年的依据[7]。但是,在缺少更多测年数据且仅根据孢粉组合的对比结果就断定沉积年代,显然是不够充分且缺乏说服力的,同时这两个钻孔目前划分出的沉积相段也比较粗略,仅涉及到滨海、浅海、河口和陆相等信息,尚需进一步深入研究以满足其他相关研究的需要。考虑到两孔层序类似,且NTCJ1孔取芯率较高,故下面仅就NTCJ1孔沉积序列和年代,根据该孔的岩性、粒度、介形虫、有孔虫、黏土矿物、地球化学元素和ESR测年等结果,并结合邻近其他钻孔和浅层地震剖面资料进行再研究和再认识。
表 1 NTCJ1和NTCJ2钻孔沉积物石英砂ESR测年结果[7]Table 1. ESR dating results of quartz sands from the sediments of Cores NTCJ1 and NTCJ2 [7]样品编号 取样深度/m U/10−6 Th/10−6 K2O/% AD/Gy 年代/ka 备注 1E-2 18.38~18.41 1.44 9.09 1.92 316.9 134.3 可参考 1E-3 21.98~22.00 1.41 7.75 1.94 343.9 150.8 可参考 2E-4 20.57~20.60 1.74 10.9 2.14 240.3 87.4 可参考 注:“1E”和“2E”分别表示NTCJ1和NTCJ2钻孔样品;测试方法:Ge心法,测试条件:室温、X波段、中心磁场为348 mT、扫宽为5 mT、调制幅度为0.1 mT、微波功率为2 mW、转换时间为5.12 ms、时间常数为40.96 ms;测年误差约为10%~15%;备注内容由本文添加。 2.2 NTCJ1钻孔沉积序列与年代的再认识
根据岩性和粒度分析结果[7](图2a-b),可将NTCJ1孔分为3段,自上而下依次为:① 0~12.86 m为暗黄色、灰黄色砂质粉砂,其中顶部0~0.50 m为暗黄色种植土,内含大量植物根系,本段岩性比较稳定,平均粒径为4.2~5.8 ϕ;② 12.86~17.95 m为暗黄色黏土质粉砂,岩性均匀,平均粒径为6.3~7.0 ϕ;③ 17.95~22.00 m为深灰色粉砂质砂,其中21.26~21.76 m富含大量贝壳碎片,平均粒径为3.8~4.6 ϕ。从整个钻孔来看,中上部0~17.95 m颗粒较细,以粉砂质为主,且明显上粗下细;下部17.95~22.00 m颗粒较粗,以细砂质为主;中上部与下部的沉积物颜色也有明显区别,分别以暗黄色和深灰色为基调,结合黏土矿物和地球化学元素分析结果(详见下文),可以推测这一差异可能是由沉积环境发生明显转变导致的,由沉积速率较小且水深较大的潮汐河口转变为沉积速率很大且水深较小的AD 1128—1855年苏北废黄河三角洲。
图 2 NTCJ1钻孔沉积物粒度和有孔虫若干参数的垂向分布[7]a. NTCJ1孔粒度组成的垂向分布,b. NTCJ1孔平均粒径的垂向分布,c. NTCJ1孔有孔虫丰度的垂向分布,d. NTCJ1孔有孔虫简单分异度的垂向分布,图2a标示了在NTCJ1孔底部获得的2个ESR测年结果。Figure 2. Vertical distributions of several parameters of grain size and foraminifera from Core NTCJ1 sediments[7]a. Vertical distribution of grain size composition of Core NTCJ1; b. vertical distribution of average grain diameter of Core NTCJ1; c. vertical distribution of foraminifera abundance of Core NTCJ1; d. vertical distribution of foraminifera simple diversity of Core NTCJ1. Two ESR dating results from the bottom of Core NTCJ1 was plotted in Fig. 2a.根据微体古生物(介形虫和有孔虫,图2c-d以有孔虫结果为代表)分析结果[7],可将NTCJ1孔分为4段,自上而下依次为:① 0~6.45 m:介形虫丰度为10~134瓣,平均值为65瓣,简单分异度为2~5,平均值为4,优势种为Sinocytheridea impressa;有孔虫丰度为16~181枚,平均值为99枚,简单分异度为3~13,平均值为8,优势种为Ammonia beccarii vars.。此段有孔虫、介形虫组合中属种单调,优势度较高,可指示水深小于5.0 m的滨海环境;② 6.45~17.95 m:介形虫丰度很低,为0~14瓣,一些样品未见介形虫,简单分异度为0~3;有孔虫丰度和简单分异度都较低,个别样品未见有孔虫,丰度平均值为13枚,简单分异度平均值为2,无优势种;此段发现的有孔虫和介形虫均为近岸浅水常见属种,但丰度和简单分异度都很低,可指示一种高沉积速率环境[8],并考虑到区域海岸演变历史,岩性(上粗下细、暗黄色基调),介形虫与有孔虫丰度比值约为0.5(河口三角洲特征)[9]等,可判断此段应属黄河水下三角洲沉积;③ 17.95~19.60 m:介形虫丰度为18~96瓣,平均值为57瓣,简单分异度为6~13,平均值为10,优势种为Bicornucythere bisanensis、Neomonoceratina chenae;有孔虫极为丰富,丰度平均值为1414枚,简单分异度平均值为18,优势种为A. beccarii vars.,Spiroloculina lucida和A. annectens含量占比很大且仅少于优势种;本段发现的有孔虫S. lucida、A. annectens常为水深小于20 m浅海中的优势种且含量高,介形虫的优势种亦为水深小于20 m浅海的优势种,故本段应属水深小于20 m的浅海沉积;④ 19.60~22.00 m:只有20.32~20.35 m一段样品中的介形虫十分丰富,丰度为226瓣,简单分异度为26,优势种为B. bisanensis、N. chenae,其余层段介形虫都极少,丰度为0~2瓣,简单分异度为0~1,只见Neosinochere elongata;有孔虫丰度平均值为49枚,简单分异度平均值为12,优势种为A. beccarii vars.;本段有孔虫和介形虫的种数和个数较上段都变少,组合中缺少A. annectens和S. lucida,说明海相性稍弱,但仍是滨浅海沉积。
黏土矿物分析结果[7]显示,NTCJ1孔中伊利石占主导地位,含量为44.4%~72.0%(平均值为59.1%);其次为蒙脱石,含量为10.2%~40.0%(平均值为21.2%);高岭石和绿泥石含量相对较低,分别为7.9%~14.0%(平均值为10.9%)和5.7%~14.4%(平均值为8.8%)。这一黏土矿物组成特征,与“相比于长江沉积物,黄河沉积物以伊利石含量低(约60%)、蒙皂石含量高(约15%)、伊利石/蒙皂石比值小于6为特征” [10-11]基本一致,显示出黄河沉积物源的绝对主导地位。此外,蒙脱石对气候变化反应明显,蒙脱石含量高可能指示着温暖湿润的环境,因此,从0~17.95 m蒙脱石含量的垂向分布(图3a)来看,若忽略孔深约5.5 m和10.5 m两个含量异常大的样点,则在孔深约0~5.5 m和11.2~17.3 m内可能存在暖湿气候的沉积记录,而约5.5~11.2 m内可能为干冷气候的沉积记录。
图 3 NTCJ1钻孔沉积物蒙脱石含量和SiO2/Al2O3比值的垂向分布及其与历史气候变化的对比a. NTCJ1孔蒙脱石含量的垂向分布[7],b. NTCJ1孔SiO2/Al2O3比值的垂向分布[7],c. 南宋以来中国东中部地区冬半年平均气温的距平[14],d. 南宋以来中国东部江淮地区干湿指数的累积距平[14],H表示高比值,L表示低比值。Figure 3. Vertical distribution of montmorillonite content and SiO2/Al2O3 ratios from Core NTCJ1 sediments and comparison between these indices and historical climate changesa. Vertical distribution of montmorillonite content of Core NTCJ1[7]; b. vertical distribution of SiO2/Al2O3 ratios of Core NTCJ1[7]; c. anomalies of the average air temperatures in winter half year for east central regions of China since the Southern Song Dynasty[14]; d. cumulative anomalies of dry-wet index for Yangtze-Huaihe regions of East China since the Southern Song Dynasty[14]. Capital H shows the high ratios and capital L shows the low ratios.表生地球化学中,SiO2/Al2O3比值是反映沉积环境水热结构的重要指标,能表征某些矿物的含量关系,且与气候条件、风化程度有关;SiO2/Al2O3比值小,反映气候相对暖湿,化学风化程度较强;反之,则气候相对干凉,化学风化程度较弱[12-13]。NTCJ1孔沉积物的SiO2/Al2O3比值在17.95~0 m之间总体表现出高→低→高→低的四个变化阶段(图3b),可与南宋以来的中国历史气候的温湿变化(图3c-d)进行较好比对[14],故可作为NTCJ1孔中上部沉积年代标尺的辅助判定指标。此外,该孔沉积物SiO2/Al2O3比值与蒙脱石含量的古气候指示也基本一致(图3a-b),可以交叉验证古气候指标的可靠性。
因此,综合以上NTCJ1孔岩性、粒度、介形虫、有孔虫、黏土矿物和地球化学元素的分析结果,并对比位于NTCJ1孔西南侧的射阳河口JC-1202孔、苏北废黄河三角洲QC4孔和BH系列孔同一沉积层位(JC-1202孔埋深0~16.26 m的DU1沉积单元、QC4孔埋深0~12.43 m的沉积单元、BH系列孔标高约−14 m以上的沉积单元)的研究认识[15-16],可判断0~17.95 m基本为AD1128—1855年间形成的废黄河三角洲沉积,自下而上水深变浅,水下三角洲逐渐淤积成陆,为一进积序列,底部可能含有少量全新世滨浅海沉积(例如,JC-1202孔埋深16.26~17.00 m识别出受潮汐影响的全新世滨岸浅水沉积(DU2)[15]),但限于目前所获资料,尚难以甄别。
射阳河口南北两侧的浅层地震剖面中对应于NTCJ1孔17.95~22.00 m的U2单元层(图4,测线位置见图1),表现出复杂的切割-充填反射结构,广泛分布于江苏中部海岸;结合上述NTCJ1孔的各项分析结果,并考虑到射阳河口南侧西洋潮流通道的07SR01孔揭示出此层含有丰富的潮汐层理[17],以及此层地震相的沉积指示[18],故可以将NTCJ1孔17.95~22.00 m解释为受到古黄河明显影响的潮汐河口的水道充填沉积,应形成于晚更新世高海面时期,可能为MIS 5沉积。年代推断依据如下:① NTCJ1和NTCJ2两个钻孔在该层获得了3个ESR测年数据(表1),约为87~150 ka;② JC-1202孔在该层位(埋深17.00~31.60 m的三角洲前缘相DU3沉积单元)获得了7个测年数据(4个OSL数据和3个AMS 14C数据),其中OSL测年结果介于约60~95 ka,而AMS 14C测年结果均大于43.5 kaBP,超过测年上限值[15];③ 在江苏中部滨海平原,地表以下60 m内经常出现两个陆相特征显著的沉积层位,可与苏北平原和长江三角洲平原的第一和第二硬黏土层相对比,其中第一陆相沉积层顶板标高约−16~−18 m,形成于MIS 2或MIS 4—2,第二陆相沉积层顶板标高约−36~−38 m,可能形成于MIS 4或更早(MIS 6),局部会上下浮动,并且第一陆相沉积层经常只揭露出下部明显的铁锰质浸染沉积或缺失,直接上覆潮汐沉积层,有时会夹杂贝壳碎屑层[4];④ NTCJ2孔在埋深13.34、13.76和14.21 m三处深灰色砂质粉砂层中分别夹有5 cm厚的含铁锰结核层,指示了明显的陆相暴露环境,13.63~15.25 m未检出介形虫和有孔虫[7],可与区域内的第一陆相沉积层相对比。因此,基于上述四点事实可以推断,NTCJ1孔可能缺失形成于MIS 4—2的第一陆相沉积层,MIS 1海相沉积层直接上覆于MIS 5海相沉积层。最近研究报道的苏北平原中部JCP01孔(孔位见图1)亦获得了该层位(埋深12~24 m的潮滩相U2沉积单元)8个高精度的OSL测年数据,介于约150~86 ka之间,解释为MIS 5沉积[19],也可进一步支撑本文对该层位的年代推断。
3. 结论
本文就苏北射阳河口NTCJ1孔沉积序列和年代,根据该孔的岩性、粒度、介形虫、有孔虫、黏土矿物、地球化学元素和ESR测年等结果,并结合邻近其他钻孔和浅层地震剖面资料进行再研究和再认识,主要得到以下两点新认识:
(1)NTCJ1孔22.00 m岩芯记录了MIS 5以来的沉积环境演化过程,可能缺失形成于MIS 4—2的第一陆相沉积层,MIS 1海相沉积层直接上覆于MIS 5海相沉积层,且尚未钻及形成于MIS 6的第二陆相沉积层。
(2)NTCJ1孔中上部0~17.95 m颗粒较细,以粉砂质为主和暗黄色为基调,明显上粗下细,基本为AD 1128—1855年间形成的废黄河三角洲沉积,为一进积序列,底部可能含有少量全新世滨浅海沉积,但目前尚难以甄别;下部17.95~22.00 m颗粒较粗,以细砂质为主和深灰色为基调,尚未钻穿,是受到古黄河明显影响的MIS 5潮汐河口的水道充填沉积。
致谢:本文研究工作得到南京大学王颖院士、高抒教授的支持和指导,与汕头大学王中波教授就钻孔第四纪年代学等问题进行过多次富有启发性的讨论,江苏第二师范学院邵依凡同学协助修改图件,审稿专家提出了富有建设性的修改意见,在此一并表示感谢!
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图 1 U1474孔位置及洋流示意图[20]
红色五星代表U1474孔,黄色箭头为西南印度洋主要表层流,橙色箭头为底层流,灰色箭头为南非在南半球夏季(12、1—2月)的大气环流,黑色虚线为热带辐合带(ITCZ)与刚果气流边界(CAB)[21]。AC:厄加勒斯流,BC:本格拉流,MCE:莫桑比克海峡流,SEC:南赤道流,SEMC:马达加斯加东南流,NEMC:马达加斯加东北流,EACC:东非沿海流,AABW:南极底层水。
Figure 1. Locations of Hole U1474 and ocean currents[20]
Red star: Hole U1474, yellow arrows: main surface currents, main undercurrents(orange arrows)and in the southwest Indian Ocean and atmospheric circulation(grey arrows)over southern Africa during austral summer(December, January, February)with approximate position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone(ITCZ)and Congo Air Boundary(CAB)(dashed lines; adapted from Hall et al.[20]). AC:Agulhas Current, BUC:Benguela Current, MCE:Mozambique Channel Current, SEC:South Equatorial Current, SEMC:South East Madagascar Current, NEMC:North East Madagascar Current, EACC:East Africa Coastal Current, AABW: Antarctic Bottom Water.
图 5 MIS12期以来U1474孔黏土矿物组合特征及其变化
全球底栖有孔虫氧同位素曲线LR04数据来自Lisiecki和Raymond[39],阴影部分表示间冰期阶段。
Figure 5. Variations of clay mineral assemblages of Site 1474 since MIS12
The MIS is marine isotope stage,the stacked global benthic δ18O record of LR04 from Lisiecki和Raymond[39] ,the shaded bars and numbers indicate marine isotope interglacial periods.
图 6 U1474站位黏土矿物物源分析三角图
图盖拉河流域据Cass和Johnston[46]修改,林波波河和赞比西河流域据Setti等[47]修改。 蓝色区域为纳塔尔土壤黏土矿物指示的图盖拉河流域,黄色区域表示林波波河流域,紫色区域表示赞比西河流域。
Figure 6. The ternary figure for provenance analysis at Site U1474
The Tugela river from Cass and Johnston[46], Zambezi River and Limpopo River from Setti et al[47]. Blue Shading: Natal Soils, Yellow Shading: Limpopo River, Purple Shading: Zambezi River.
图 8 U1474孔不同频率滤波曲线与轨道参数曲线对比
a:伊利石结晶度19 ka低通滤波曲线与岁差曲线对比,中心频率=0.0526,带宽=0.0026;b:伊利石结晶度41 ka低通滤波曲线与斜率曲线对比,中心频率=0.0244,带宽=0.0012;c:伊利石结晶度100 ka低通滤波曲线与偏心率曲线对比,蓝色线为伊利石结晶度滤波曲线,红色线为轨道参数曲线。
Figure 8. Comparison of filtering curves of illite crystallinity and curves of orbital parameters of Site U1474
a: 19 ka low pass filtering curve of illite chemical index and precession filtering curve, center frequency = 0.0526, bandwidth = 0.0026, b: 41 ka low pass filtering curve of illite chemical index and obliquity filtering curve, center frequency = 0.0244, bandwidth = 0.0012, c: 100 ka low pass filtering curve of illite chemical index and eccentricity filtering curve, blue line: filtering curves of illite chemical index, red line: curves of orbital parameters.
图 9 U1474孔黏土矿物组成、XRF扫描Fe/K元素比值、全球海平面变化、 MD962077孔的海表温度总有机碳、南纬30°太阳光照及地球公转轨道偏心率变化对比
a: 全球底栖有孔虫氧同位素变化(数据来自Lisiecki和Raymond[39]),b: 伊利石化学指数, c: 伊利石结晶度, d: 蒙脱石/(伊利石+绿泥石), e: 高岭石/(伊利石+绿泥石), f: 高岭石, g: 蒙脱石, h: 化学元素XRF扫描Fe/K(数据来自Dabin等[34]),i: 全球海平面变化(数据来自Bintanja等[10]),j: MD962077孔的海表温度(SST)和总有机碳(TOC)(数据来自Bard和Rickaby[17]), k: 南纬30°一月份光照(蓝色实线)和地球公转轨道偏心率(Eccentricity)(粉色实线)(数据来自Laskar等[50])。
Figure 9. the comparison of clay mineral proxies,XRF element scanning Fe/K ratio, global sea level change, the SST , total organic carbon, solar insolation and the earth orbit eccentricity of 30°S
a: Global benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotope stage MIS(from Lisiecki and Raymond[39] ),b:illite chemical index, c: illite crystallinity, d: Smectite/(Illite + Chlorite)ratio, e: Kaolinite/(Illite + Chlorite)ratio, f:kaolinite, g: smectite, h: XRF element scanning Fe/K ratio(from Dabin et al.[34]),i: global sea level change(feom Bintanja et al.[10]),j: percentage of total organic carbon(TOC)and sea surface temperature(SST)of Core MD962077(from Bard and Rickaby[17]), k: the January insolation of 30°S(the blue dashed line), Eccentricity)(the pink dashed line)(from Laskar et al.[50]).
表 1 U1474孔的主要黏土矿物含量及其矿物学特征
Table 1 Contents and mineralogical characteristic of major clay minerals in Hole U1474
黏土矿物百分含量/% 伊利石结晶度/(°Δ2θ) 伊利石化学指数 蒙脱石 伊利石 高岭石 绿泥石 最大值 55.34 36.21 23.07 22.88 0.51 0.53 最小值 27.77 14.06 10.86 9.67 0.28 0.13 平均值 39.23 26.11 17.79 17.19 0.35 0.30 -
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