Changing histories of glaciomarine deposition and water masses in the subarctic Okhotsk Sea of Late Quaternary
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摘要: 亚北极鄂霍次克海是全球重要的碳汇之一，也是北太平洋中层水的主要源区，研究晚第四纪鄂霍次克海古环境变化及其影响因素对于理解亚极地海洋对气候变化的响应有重要意义。本文对鄂霍次克海南部科学院海隆ARC2-T00岩芯进行了粗组分、坠石、有孔虫丰度和CaCO3含量的统计与分析、底栖有孔虫Uvigerina spp.氧碳同位素测试等，并基于其底栖有孔虫Uvigerina spp.-δ18O和深海氧同位素曲线LR04-δ18O与相邻站位OS03-1 Uvigerina spp.-δ18O的对比，建立了该岩芯的地层年代框架。该研究表明，在MIS 6—MIS 2的大部分时期，鄂霍次克海南部主要沉积动力为西风、洋流及海冰；风尘堆积速率的变化指示西风带在冰期增强，间冰期减弱；海冰沉积堆积速率的变化表明，在冰期或冰段，海冰沉积受当时季节性海冰沉积中心带所处位置的影响较大；海冰和水团指标变化显示，鄂霍次克海南部此时为季节性海冰覆盖，鄂霍次克海中层水上部生成增强，中层水下部的盐度变化可能与宗谷暖流前伸体的输入、海冰形成析出的卤水下沉和太平洋深层水的侵入有关。
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关键词:
- 冰筏碎屑 /
- 鄂霍次克海中层水 /
- MIS 6—MIS 2 /
- 鄂霍次克海
Abstract: The subarctic Okhotsk Sea is one of the most important carbon sinks in the world and the main source areas of North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW). The study of Late Quaternary paleoenvironmental changes of the Okhotsk Sea and their effect factors are of great significance for understanding the responses of subpolar oceans to global climate change. Coarse fraction, drop stone, foraminiferal abundance, CaCO3 content, benthic foraminifera Uvigerina spp. oxygen and carbon isotopes in the core ARC2-T00 collected from the Academy of Sciences on Rise of Southern Okhotsk Sea are tested, counted or analyzed by the authors and then the stratigraphic chronology of the core is established based on the comparison of the benthic foraminifera Uvigerina spp.-δ18O, the global deep-sea oxygen isotope stacks LR04-δ18O and the adjacent site OS03-1 Uvigerina spp.-δ18O. The results indicate that, in the most intervals of MIS 6—2, the sedimentary dynamic mechanisms in the Southern Okhotsk Sea are dominated by westerlies, ocean currents and sea ice. Changes in the accumulation rate of eolian dust indicate that the westerlies strengthened and weakened during the glacials and the interglacials, respectively. The variation in the accumulation rate of sea ice sediments illustrates that during the glacials, sea ice deposition was severely influenced by the location of the seasonal sea ice depositional center at that time. Meanwhile, as indicated by proxies of sea ice and water masses, the southern Okhotsk Sea was covered by seasonal sea ice and the upper Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water (uOSIW) production was strengthened. Salinity variation in lower Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water (lOSIW) may be related to inflow of the Forerunner of Soya Warm Current Water (FSCW), brine rejection due to sea ice formation and intrusion of the Pacific Deep Water (PDW). -
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图 1 鄂霍次克海ARC2-T00[2]、OS03-1[24]、LV28-41-4、LV28-42-4及LV28-44-3[19]、HS09、HS13[25]、MD01-2414[26]位置图以及鄂霍次克海洋流[16]、海冰分布范围[19]（a）与鄂霍次克海150°E断面及49.5°N断面1955—2010年海水年平均温度[27]、盐度[28]、溶解氧[29]剖面图（b）
其中，HS09、HS13为海水采样，其余为沉积物岩芯取样；黑色实线为现代1月份海冰界线，黑色虚线为现代3月份海冰最大覆盖范围的界线；浅蓝色为黑龙江淡水输入；蓝色、红色路径为表层洋流，蓝色为寒流，红色为暖流，灰色为中层洋流。ESC：东萨哈林流，NOC：北鄂霍次克流，WKC：西堪察加流，CKC：堪察加补偿流，SC：宗谷暖流，FSCW：宗谷暖流前伸体，OC：亲潮，DSW：高密度陆架水，WSAW: 西部亚北极水，OSIW：鄂霍次克海中层水，OG：鄂霍次克涡流。A—A’：150°E断面；B—B’：49.5°N断面。本图采用Ocean Data View 5.3.0版本绘制[30]。
Figure 1. Location of Core ARC2-T00[2], OS03-1[24], LV28-41-4、LV28-42-4 & LV28-44-3[19], HS09 & HS13[25], MD01-2414[26]，ocean currents[16], sea ice coverage[19]in Okhotsk Sea（a） and annual average temperature[27], salinity[28]and dissolved oxygen[29]of sea water of section 150°E and section 49.5°N of Okhotsk Sea（b）
HS09, HS13 are hydrocast stations, others are sediment cores. Black line shows modern sea ice boundary in January. Black dotted line shows modern sea ice boundary maximum in March. Light blue lines are fresh water input from Amur River. Red and blue lines represent surface currents. Red lines are warm currents, while blue lines are cold currents. Grey lines are intermediate currents. ESC: East Sakhalin Current, NOC: North Okhotsk Current, WKC: West Kamchatka Current, CKC: Compensation Kamchatka Current, SC: Soya Current, FSCW: the Forerunner of Soya Warm Current Water, OC: Oyashio Current, DSW: Dense shelf Water, WSAW: Western Subarctic Water, OSIW: Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water, OG: Okhotsk Gyre. A-A': section 150°E, B-B': section 49.5°N drawn with Ocean Data View 5.3.0[30]
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图 2 鄂霍次克海ARC2-T00岩芯底栖有孔虫δ18O与LR04-δ18O标准曲线[56]和OS03-1岩芯底栖有孔虫δ18O曲线[24]的对比（a），根据底栖有孔虫δ18O对比选取的11个年龄控制点建立ARC2-T00岩芯的深度-年龄模式及该岩芯的沉积速率（b）
沉积速率以浅灰色阴影表示，虚线代表按照沉积速率线性外推的年龄。
Figure 2. Stratigraphic assignments of core ARC2-T00 in Okhotsk Sea, correlated with global benthic LR04-δ18O stacks[56]and core OS03-1 δ18O records[24]（a），the depth-age model of ARC2-T00, based on 11 age control-points by correlation, and the sedimentation rate（b）
Sedimentation rates are represented by the shaded area. Dash black line extrapolated with the last two age control-points.
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图 3 鄂霍次克海南部ARC2-T00岩芯底栖有孔虫Uvigerina spp.- δ18O和- δ13C及生源组分含量变化
其中的蛋白石百分含量、碳酸钙百分含量、总有机碳百分含量、C/N值、放射虫冷水种Cycladophora davisiana百分含量引自参考文献[2]；一般认为C/N在8～12为混合源[58]；为满足对数函数对于底数值非零的要求，作图时浮游有孔虫丰度+1；图中斜虚线代表MIS 3中后期与MIS 5d，为浮游、底栖有孔虫丰度均为零或几乎为零的时期。
Figure 3. Benthic foraminifera Uvigerina spp.- δ18O & - δ13C curves and variations of biogenic fraction contents of Core ARC2-T00 in southern Okhotsk Sea
Opal content，carbonate（CaCO3）content，total organic carbon（TOC）content，C/N，content of Cycladophora davisiana, the cold water radiolarian data from ref.[2]；C/N values between 8 and 12 considered as mix-derived[58]；For ensuring base numbers of logarithm function are not 0, pelagic and benthic foraminifera abundance +1; oblique dashed lines represent mid-late MIS 3 and MIS 5d, when the abundances of planktonic and benthic foraminifera were 0 or nearly 0.
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图 4 鄂霍次克海南部ARC2-T00粗组分含量、坠石个数和粒度组分含量变化
根据粒度分析结果得出的平均粒径及黏土（0～4 μm）、粉砂（4～63 μm）、砂（＞63 μm）的百分含量引自参考文献[2]。
Figure 4. Coarse fraction contents, drop stone counts and grain size variations of Core ARC2-T00 in southern Okhotsk Sea
Mean grain size, clay（0～4 μm）content，silt（4～63 μm）content，sand（＞63 μm）content，according to grain size analysis from reference [2].
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图 5 鄂霍次克海南部ARC2-T00粒度的端元分析结果
a. 总体粒度频率分布曲线，b. 不同端元数目的各粒级决定系数，c. 平均决定系数，d. 三端元粒度频率分布。
Figure 5. End member modeling analysis results of the grain size distribution from Core ARC2-T00 in southern Okhotsk Sea
a. Total grain size frequencies, b. Determination coefficients of grain size fractions of different end member numbers, c. Average of determination coefficients, d. Frequencies of three end-members.
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图 6 鄂霍次克海南部ARC2-T00粒度组成及各端元组分含量变化特征
图中虚线表示各组分平均值。
Figure 6. Relative abundances of three end-members and grain size composition of Core ARC2-T00 in southern Okhotsk Sea
Dash lines in each figure show the average values.
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图 7 鄂霍次克海南部ARC2-T00岩芯3个沉积物粒度端元堆积速率的变化与ODP882风尘堆积速率[44]、LR04-δ18O标准曲线[56]的对比（a），冰筏碎屑堆积速率变化与LV28-41-4、LV28-42-4、LV28-44-3[19]的对比（b）、季节性海冰沉积中心带的西北—东南向转移（c、d）
Figure 7. Comparison of AREMi of ARC2-T00、ARdust of ODP882[44]& global benthic LR04-δ18O stacks[56]（a）， Comparison of ARIRD of ARC2-T00、LV28-41-4、LV28-42-4 & LV28-44-3[19]（b）、shift of seasonal sea ice deposition belt（c、d）
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表 1 本文中ARC2-T00岩芯和其他岩芯信息
Table 1 Information about ARC2-T00 and other mentioned cores in Okhotsk Sea
站位 北纬 东经 水深/m 参考文献 ARC2-T00 49°29.85′ 150°00.60′ 975 [2]；本文 OS03-1 49°29.85′ 150°00.60′ 975 [24] HS13 49°59.40′ 149°06.60′ 1100 [25] HS09 48°00.00′ 150°42.00′ 3370 [25] LV28-41-4 51°40.51′ 149°04.08′ 1082 [19] LV28-42-4 51°42.89′ 150°59.13′ 1041 [19] LV28-44-3 52°02.51′ 153°05.95′ 684 [19] ODP 882 50°21.8′ 167°36.0′ 3244 [44] MD01-2414 53°11.77′ 149°34.80′ 1123 [26] 
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表 2 鄂霍次克海南部ARC2-T00岩芯年龄控制点
Table 2 Age control points of core ARC2-T00 in southern Okhotsk Sea
深度/cm 7 41 151 171 195 207 229 287 309 373 421 MIS 2重值时 2/3 3/4 4/5 5a/5b 5b/5c 5c/5d 5d/5e 5/6 6b/6c 6e重值时 年龄/ka 18 29 57 71 85 93 105 116 130 156 185
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表 3 鄂霍次克海南部ARC2-T00岩芯粒度端元分析的各端元主要数据
Table 3 Key statistics of the grain-size distributions of EMMA-derived end-members of ARC2-T00 in southern Okhotsk Sea
变量 端元1 EM1 端元2 EM2 端元3 EM3 分布范围/μm 0.6～19 3.6～51 15～300 峰态中值/μm 4 14 53 平均体积百分比/% 46.8 32.6 20.6
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