Geochemical characteristics of the Early Pliocene cold seep dolomite at Chiahsien, Taiwan and their implications for fluid sources and sedimentary environment
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摘要: 白云石成因一直是地学中尚未解决的难题，海底冷泉系统中发育的原生白云石为解决白云石成因问题提供了新途径。台湾甲仙白云仙谷早上新世盐水坑组页岩地层中发育有冷泉白云岩，其流体来源和沉积环境并不清楚。本文通过矿物学和岩石学，结合碳氧同位素、微量和稀土元素地球化学，探索该冷泉白云岩的流体特征和形成环境，为解决白云石成因提供参考。白云仙谷冷泉白云岩以烟囱状或透镜状产出于页岩中，碳酸盐矿物均为泥微晶白云石，含量为61.4%～88.0%。冷泉白云岩的δ13C为−27.08‰～−10.58‰，指示形成白云石的碳源可能是热成因甲烷和海水的混合。Ni/Co均值为12.54，稀土元素配分模式呈中稀土富集、无Ce异常，均表明冷泉白云岩形成于弱还原的沉积环境。在弱还原环境中的冷泉微生物的作用下，促进了HCO3−的增加和SO42−的消耗，可能有利于冷泉白云石的形成。Abstract: The origin of dolomite is a long-term argument in geology. In recent years, protodolomite has been discovered in hydrocarbon seeps, which provides critical evidence for solving the problem. Therefore, the authigenic carbonate found in hydrocarbon seeps is regarded as a kind of unique geochemical archives of fluid seeping in history. The carbonates studied in this paper occur as chimneys or lenses within the shale of Early Pliocene, the Yanshuikeng Formation, exposed at Chiahsien, southwestern Taiwan. Petrological and geochemical tests, such as petrography, mineralogy, carbon and oxygen stable isotopes, and rare earth element (REE) compositions, are made to trace the fluid sources and sedimentary environment. X-ray analyses suggest that the carbonate is mainly composed of dolomite (61.4%～88.0%). The δ13C values of dolomites range from −27.08‰ V-PDB to −10.58‰ V-PDB, suggesting a thermogenic methane and seawater associated carbon sources. The value of Ni/Co is around 12.54, and the original REE distribution shows a pattern of enrichment in the middle without Ce anomalies. All these results indicate that the Chiahsien dolomite was precipitated from reducing seep fluids. Under the action of microorganisms in the sub-reducing environment, HCO3− is increased and the SO42− more consumed, which is in favor of the formation of seep dolomites.
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Keywords:
- seep dolomite /
- carbon isotope /
- REE /
- Taiwan
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图 2 甲仙冷泉碳酸盐岩剖面野外特征
A.层状碳酸盐岩，位于白云仙谷谷底；B.丘状碳酸盐岩，风化较为严重，位于冲沟崖处；C.透镜状碳酸盐岩，位于冲沟崖处，围岩为固结程度较好的黑色页岩，直径约为50 cm；D.冷泉碳酸盐岩生物丘，含满月蛤科的Lucinoma化石及其印模，位于白云仙谷山坡处。
Figure 2. Field geological characteristics of Chiahsien seep carbonate
A. layered carbonates at the bottom of the Baiyunxiangu Valley; B. colluvial carbonates with seriously weathering at the gully cliff; C. lenticular carbonates at the gully cliff with well-consolidated black shale of about 50 cm in diameter; D. cold-seep carbonates biodomes, containing Lucinoma, on the slopes of the Baiyunxiangu Valley.
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图 3 甲仙代表性自生碳酸盐岩手标本、抛光面及矿物特征
A.碳酸盐岩发育不同期次的沉积物；B.冷泉碳酸盐岩发育烟囱结构；C.呈现两种不同的组分，左侧为陆源碎屑含量较高的黑色泥晶，右侧为灰色微晶，可能由重结晶作用形成；D.冷泉白云岩含有大量生物碎屑，可见清晰的有孔虫化石和黄铁矿颗粒。
Figure 3. Representative hand specimens, polished surface and mineral characteristics of the Chiahsien seep carbonates
A. sediments of different periods in the carbonates; B. chimney structures in the cold-seep carbonates; C. black fine crystals with high content of terrigenous detritus on the left and gray microcrystal on the right, which may be formed by late-stage recrystallization; D. the cold-seep dolomite contains a large amount of biological detritus, with well-preserved foraminifera and pyrites.
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图 4 甲仙冷泉碳酸盐岩δ13C与δ18O，Ce/Ce*与ΣREE、DyN/SmN及LaN/SmN的关系
Figure 4. Correlations of δ13C vs.δ18O, Ce ⁄Ce* vs.ΣREE, DyN⁄SmN, and LaN/SmN of Chiahsien seep carbonates
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图 5 甲仙冷泉白云岩稀土元素特征
A.稀土元素分布模式图，B.稀土元素Ce/Ce*与Pr/Pr*相关图。I 区：无异常；IIa 区：La正异常，无Ce异常；IIb区：La负异常，无Ce异常；IIIa区：真Ce正异常；IIIb区：真Ce负异常[60]。
Figure 5. Characteristics of REE of the Chiahsien seep dolomite
A.PAAS-normalized REE distributions of Chiahsien seep carbonate; B.Ce/Ce* vs. Pr/Pr* diagram of Chiahsien seep carbonates. Field I: no anomaly; Field IIa: positive La anomaly causes apparent negative Ce anomaly; Field IIb: negative La anomaly causes apparent positive Ce anomaly; Field IIIa: real positive Ce anomaly; Field IIIb: real negative Ce anomaly[60].
表 1 甲仙地区冷泉白云岩矿物学组成及碳氧同位素
Table 1 Mineralogical composition of the Chiahsien seep dolomite and carbon and oxygen isotope
样品号 方解石/% 白云石/% 石 英/% 伊利石/% 绿泥石+蒙脱石/% 钠长石/% δ13C/‰ δ18O/‰ BG-1 88.0 9.0 3.0 -20.42 2.06 BG-2 80.7 9.0 4.0 6.3 -20.48 1.98 BG-3 52.3 28.3 19.4 BG-4 82.7 12.9 4.3 -21.63 0.41 BG-5 83.6 7.8 4.0 4.6 BG-6 76.3 8.6 10.9 4.2 BG-7 73.8 6.5 13.1 4.0 2.6 BG-9 10.2 61.4 14.8 5.0 5.0 3.6 -10.62 -2.72 BG-10 78.7 13.4 7.9 BG-11 64.9 25.5 9.6 BG-12 78.7 9.5 11.8 -27.08 0.90 
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表 2 甲仙白云仙谷的冷泉白云岩的主量元素和微量元素含量
Table 2 Major and trace element compositions of the Chiahsien seep dolomite
样品号 BG-1 BG-2 BG-4 BG-9 BG-10 BG-11 BG-12 MnO/% 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.12 Sr/（μg/g） 291.16 296.37 226.96 218.85 408.65 244.33 394.45 Mn/Sr 2.53 2.89 4.86 5.60 2.70 3.51 3.73 Li/（μg/g） 4.20 2.95 3.03 4.53 3.28 2.42 3.27 Be/（μg/g） 1.27 0.74 0.84 0.91 1.09 0.97 1.09 Sc/（μg/g） 7.21 6.89 8.25 7.38 6.24 5.90 6.24 V/（μg/g） 6.28 4.66 13.00 10.10 13.10 10.10 13.10 Cr/（μg/g） 10.30 9.75 10.90 7.60 10.40 9.44 10.40 Co/（μg/g） 9.61 2.06 3.26 2.89 3.59 3.38 3.59 Ni/（μg/g） 51.70 49.60 49.70 38.70 44.60 35.00 44.60 Cu/（μg/g） 0.48 0.36 0.40 1.26 0.61 1.02 0.61 Zn/（μg/g） 3.20 1.94 2.09 1.72 5.71 0.09 5.71 Ga/（μg/g） 0.39 0.43 0.45 0.56 0.52 0.41 0.83 Rb/（μg/g） 4.41 3.73 4.63 5.69 3.41 2.92 7.20 Zr/（μg/g） 0.23 0.31 0.34 0.17 0.66 0.37 1.16 Nb/（μg/g） 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.20 Cs/（μg/g） 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.19 Ba/（μg/g） 23.00 16.00 22.00 18.00 23.00 20.00 32.00 Hf/（μg/g） 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05 Pb/（μg/g） 0.04 0.24 0.21 0.37 0.49 0.19 0.23 Th/（μg/g） 1.20 1.10 1.84 3.16 1.26 1.51 1.52 U/（μg/g） 0.63 0.55 4.61 0.53 2.32 5.77 0.78 Ni/Co 5.38 24.08 15.25 13.39 12.42 10.36 12.79
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表 3 甲仙白云仙谷的冷泉白云岩的稀土元素含量
Table 3 Rare element compositions of the Chiahsien seep dolomite
样品号 BG-1 BG-2 BG-4 BG-9 BG-12 La/（μg/g） 3.28 2.16 3.64 4.16 4.54 Ce/（μg/g） 7.36 5.21 8.58 10.08 13.5 Pr/（μg/g） 0.9 0.67 1.05 1.34 1.03 Nd/（μg/g） 3.93 2.83 4.49 6.09 4.95 Sm/（μg/g） 0.97 0.66 0.99 1.48 1.17 Eu/（μg/g） 0.3 0.19 0.29 0.45 0.37 Gd/（μg/g） 1.24 0.77 1.17 1.67 1.48 Tb/（μg/g） 0.17 0.1 0.16 0.23 0.21 Dy/（μg/g） 1.01 0.52 0.83 1.14 1.15 Y/（μg/g） 9.03 4.52 7.41 7.75 10.2 Ho/（μg/g） 0.18 0.09 0.15 0.18 0.22 Er/（μg/g） 0.52 0.24 0.39 0.49 0.62 Tm/（μg/g） 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 Yb/（μg/g） 0.4 0.17 0.25 0.33 0.51 Lu/（μg/g） 0.06 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.08 ΣREE/（μg/g） 20.37 13.66 22.06 27.74 29.91 Ce/Ce* 0.97 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.33 lg（Ce/Ce*） 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.12 Pr/Pr* 0.98 1.02 0.99 0.99 0.74 (Pr/Sm)N 0.58 0.64 0.67 0.57 0.55 (Sm/Yb)N 1.24 2.03 2.02 2.30 1.16
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