Magnetostratigraphy of core XT06 and Quaternary sedimentary dynamics of the deep-sea deposits in the West Philippian Basin
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摘要: 菲律宾海是西太平洋典型的风尘汇集区，也是南极底层水影响的远端地区。由于水深较大等原因，这一热点地区沉积物的古环境研究尚未全面展开。本文对菲律宾海中部XT06孔沉积物开展了磁性地层和粒度测试工作，分析了XT06孔沉积记录的年代学特征和沉积过程，初步探讨了区域沉积演化的控制因素与古环境意义。结果表明：（1）通过系统交变退磁实验，XT06孔沉积物可以辨识出6个磁极性区间，分别对应于布容正极性时、加拉米洛亚极性时、奥杜维尔正极性时和松山负极性时。通过与国际标准磁极性序列对比，发现XT06孔的沉积速率由快转慢，指示了在1.0～1.5 Ma曾发生过一次明显的沉积转折，可能代表了区域深海沉积中心的迁移，与东亚-西太平洋构造活动等密切相关。（2）XT06沉积物属于典型的远洋悬浮体，反映了较弱的沉积动力环境。通过多种粒度分析方法的交叉对比和验证，发现XT06孔沉积物包含粗、细两个互为消长的动力学组分，指示了较为稳定的深海沉积环境。通过对比其他古环境指标，我们推测在构造时间尺度上，亚洲内陆干旱化导致的粉尘输入增加可能是控制XT06孔沉积物粒度逐步变细的主要因素；而在更高时间分辨率上XT06孔沉积物粒度粗细变化可能主要受深海环流强度的控制作用，体现了冰期南极深/底层水团影响减弱、而间冰期增强的区域特征。本文结果展现了菲律宾海中部沉积过程的一些关键特征，揭示了菲律宾海沉积记录在深入研究地球系统多圈层耦合过程中的巨大潜力。Abstract: The Philippine Sea, as a key area in the Western Pacific Warm Pool, is a characterized by wind-dust deposition. Sedimentary and paleo-environmental researches are relatively rare in the region due to large water depth and other reasons. In this paper, magnetic stratigraphy and sediment grain size data from the gravity core XT06, which is located in the central Philippine Sea, are used as the raw materials to establish the chronological sequence and to reveal the sedimentary processes. Upon the basis, the controlling factors on regional sediment distribution pattern and paleoenvironmental processes are discussed. The results suggest that: (1) After alternative demagnetization, the core XT06 can be subdivided into 6 magnetic polarity intervals, corresponding to the Brunhes (C1n) chron, the Jaramillo (C1r.1n) subchron, the Olduvia (C2n) chron, and the successive polarity-reversed intervals of the Matuyama chron respectively. After calibrated with the geomagnetic polarity timescale (GPTS), it is found that the sedimentation rate of core XT06 had an obvious change from fast to slow at 1.0～1.5 Ma, indicating a regional deep-water environment transition event, probably controlled by the tectonic activities related to the interaction between the Asian continent and the Pacific plate. (2) The core sediments are dominated by pelagic suspended matters, reflecting a weak sedimentary dynamic environment. Grain-size data further suggest that there occur two, coarse and fine, dynamic components in a compensated relationship, indicating a relatively stable dynamic environment. By comparisons with the proxies of global ice volume, deep-sea ventilation, and Inner Asian aridification, we proposed that regional tectonic activities with enhanced aridification and increased flux of aeolian input are the major factors to control the regional sedimentation on tectonic timescales, and the bottom-water circulation is the dominating factor on glacial-interglacial timescales. This paper presented some key sedimentary features for the central part of the Philippine Sea which may contribute much to the in-depth study of the coupling process of some key Earth systems.
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Keywords:
- magnetostratigraphy /
- sediment grain size /
- abyssal environment /
- Quaternary /
- the Philippian Sea
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图 1 研究区概况与站位示意图
绿色线为深层（水深大于4 000 m）环流示意图，据文献[3]绘制。LCDW，南极下层绕极流；AABW，南极底层水。
Figure 1. Location map of the study area and core XT06
Green dash lines in the upper panel represent deep-sea circulation（below 4 000 m）; LCDW, lower circumpolar deep water; AABW, Antarctic bottom water.
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图 2 XT06站沉积物代表性样品的系统退磁结果正交投影图
空心圆上的数字代表1：5 mT；2：10 mT；3：15 mT；4：20 mT；5：25 mT；6：30 mT；7：40 mT；8：50 mT；9：60 mT；10：70 mT；11：80 mT；12：90 mT。实心方块代表水平投影，空心圆代表垂直投影；NRM为天然剩磁。
Figure 2. Orthogonal diagrams of stepwise alternating-field demagnetization of representative samples
The numbers on open circles are: 1, 5 mT; 2, 10 mT; 3, 15 mT; 4, 20 mT; 5, 25 mT; 6, 30 mT; 7, 40 mT; 8, 50 mT; 9, 60 mT; 10, 70 mT; 11, 80 mT; 12, 90 mT. NRM, natural remanent magnetization; Solid（open）circles（squares）represent the horizontal（vertical）planes.
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图 3 菲律宾海中部XT06站沉积的磁性地层结果
A. 岩心照片，B—C. 特征剩磁，D. XT06站磁极性柱，E. 国际标准磁极性柱[41]。B，布容Brunhes；M，松山Matuyama；J，加拉米洛Jaramillo；O，奥杜维尔Olduvai；R，留尼旺Reunion；M/B，松山-布容界限；Ga/M，高斯-松山界限。
Figure 3. Magnetostratigraphy of core XT06
（A）photo of the core;（B-C）ChRM declination and inclination, respectively;（D）the polarity of core XT06 with six identified magnetozones;（E）The geological polarity timescale（GPTS）. B, Brunhes chron; M, Matuyama chron; J, Jaramillo subchron; O, Olduvai; R, Reunion; M/B, the Matuyama/Brunhes boundary; Ga/M, the Gauss-Matuyama boundary.
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图 4 XT06站沉积物粒度特征
A. 粒度组分三角图，B. C-M图，C. 粒度频率曲线，D. 累积频率曲线，E. 粒度两组分分解结果，F. 粒度主成分分析结果。其中Mean代表所有样品平均的粒径分布，S.D.为敏感粒级曲线（左侧纵坐标）；Cc1和Cc2为敏感粒级组分；EM1和EM2为Weibull函数分解组分（右侧纵坐标）。
Figure 4. Characteristics of sediment grain size of core XT06
（A）ternary diagrams;（B）C-M diagrams;（C）grain-size distributions, PDF: probability density function;（D）grain-size distributions, CDF: cumulative distribution function.（E）Mathematical unmixing, EM1 and EM2 are the two characterized grain-size components; Cc1 and Cc2 are the two components by grain-size sensitive fraction; Mean, the averaged grain-size curve of all samples; S.D., the standard deviation of all samples.（F）Principal component analysis. Fc1, Fc2, and Fc3 are the three components.
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图 5 XT06站沉积物粒度参数随钻孔深度的变化
Figure 5. Changes in sediment grain-size parameters of core XT06
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图 7 多种分析方法获得的粒度特征组分对比
Figure 7. Comparisons between changes in various grain-size parameters
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图 8 XT06站柱状沉积的粒度特征与全球其他环境指标的对比
A. XT06站沉积物粒度Fc1指标，B. 全球海洋有孔虫氧同位素综合曲线[58]，C. 中国黄土粒度综合曲线[65]，D. 大洋有孔虫碳同位素梯度值（北大西洋ODP607站与赤道太平洋ODP849站δ13C差值），可以代表南极上层绕极流的强度变化[59]。
Figure 8. Comparisons between XT06 grain-size records and global climate changes
（A）Fc1 record of core XT06;（B）LR04 marine foraminiferal oxygen isotope stack [58];（C）stack record of chinese loess plateau, representing Asian monsoon changes [65];（D）benthic δ13C difference between North Atlantic ODP Site 607 and Eqatorial Pacific ODP Site 849 [59], reflecting LCDW intensity.
表 1 XT06站磁极性柱年龄对比
Table 1 Correlation of magnetozones of core XT06 to the geomagnetic polarity time scale
国 际标准磁极性年表 年 龄 1）/Ma XT06深度 /cm J01A2）深度/cm A252）深度 /cm F0901023）深度 /cm 布容C1n（底） 0.781 120 11 25 182 加拉米洛C1r.1n（顶） 0.988 150 43 56 232 加拉米洛C1r.1n（底） 1.072 162 58 72 242 Cobb漂移事件（顶） 1.186 – 89 91 – Bjorn漂移事件（底） 1.253 – 96 101 – Gilsa漂移事件（顶） 1.567 234 – – – Gilsa漂移事件（底） 1.575 238 – – – 奥杜维尔C2n（顶） 1.778 286 138 – 344 奥杜维尔C2n（底） 1.945 324 151 – 354 Reunion漂移事件（顶） 2.128 364 – – – Reunion漂移事件（底） 2.148 368 – – – 高斯C2An.1n（顶） 2.581 – 208 144 – 注：1）年龄数据来自文献[41]和文献[42]；2）数据来自文献[40]；3）数据来自文献[43]。 
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表 2 XT06站沉积物粒度主成分分析结果
Table 2 Results of principal component analysis for XT06 sediments
分析数据 主成分 主成分参数 特征根 方差 /% 累计方差 /% 所有样品的粒度分布数据 Fc1 42.2 44.0 44.0 Fc2 25.3 26.3 70.3 Fc3 23.2 24.2 94.5 Fc1、Cc-1、EM1三个序列 1 3.0 98.6 98.6 2 0.038 1.252 99.9 3 0.003 0.108 100 Fc2、Cc-2、EM2三个序列 1 2.1 70.8 70.8 2 0.872 29.1 99.9 3 0.004 0.1 100
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