Characteristics of quartz grains in the red clay of Tongling City and their environmental implications
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摘要: 目前我国南方网纹红土的成因、物源存在争议，通过分析铜陵红土剖面石英粒度和石英颗粒表面形态特征，并结合已发表年代数据探讨了红土沉积物的搬运动力和物质来源。结果表明，铜陵剖面石英粒度表现出明显的风力搬运特征，粒径整体偏细，剖面自下而上粒径变粗，粗粉砂（10～50 μm）组分为众数粒组，粒度频率分布曲线总体呈现出双峰且主峰明显的特征，并在粗粒端含有隐峰，颗粒总体分选较差，呈正偏态，峰态尖锐；石英颗粒大多呈次棱角状或次圆状，颗粒表面既出现水下磨光面、V型坑、三角型坑等水成特征，也出现碟型坑、新月型坑、麻坑等风成特征，还具有两种特征叠加的现象。剖面自上而下颗粒磨圆度逐渐变好，风成特征更加明显。综合分析推测铜陵网纹红土是风力搬运近源与远源物质共同沉积，并随着东亚季风的变化，不同物源区物质的贡献程度也发生转变。Abstract: Hot debate has been occurred for long concerning the origin and provenance of the vermicular red clay in South China. In this paper, transportation mechanism and provenance of the vermicular red clay were studied by means of grain size and surface textures of the quartz grains from the red clay in Tongling city in the south of Anhui province. The quartz grains from the Tongling section show some obvious characteristics of wind transportation. The grains are fine in general and gradually coarsen up from bottom to top. The vermicular red clay is dominated by silt (10～50 μm), ranging from 40.62% to 60.37%. The frequency curves of the quartz grains are essentially bimodal with a low hidden peak in the coarse fraction. And the frequency curves of different layers in the profile shows good consistency. Microscopic images of quartz grains show that they are, in fact, the mixture of rounded and poorly rounded grains. Some particles have obvious hydrodynamic effects remained on the surface, such as underwater polished surfaces, V-shaped pits, etc., some have obvious traces of wind action, such as dish-shaped pits, crescent-shaped pits, etc., while the others show some surface texture jointly formed by hydrodynamic and wind actions, suggesting a mixture of distant and nearby sources. The near-source sediments may come from the floodplain of surrounding rivers, where the hydrological characteristics are retained due to the short-distance of wind transport. The surface of the quartz particles at the bottom of the profile has obvious features of hydrogenic origin, and the aeolian features increase upwards. Finally, it is confirmed that the red vermicular clay in Tongling city is a kind of mixed deposits composed of the particles from near and distant wind sources, and the contribution of the materials of different sources depends upon the change of East Asian monsoon.
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图 2 铜陵剖面石英粒度含量、参数深度变化图
Figure 2. Vertical variation of the quartz grain size content and parameters in Tongling section
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图 4 棕黄色网纹红土层石英颗粒表面特征出现频率
Figure 4. Frequency of quartz particles surface characteristics in brown vermicular red clay layer
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图 5 棕黄色网纹红土层石英颗粒表面特征
A. V型撞击坑、三角型坑，B. 阶梯状断口，C. 平行解理，D. 水下磨光面，E. 新月型坑，F. 碟型坑。
Figure 5. Surface characteristics of quartz particles in brown vermicular red clay layer
A. V-shaped pits, triangular impact crater,B. Step-like fracture, C. Parallel cleavage surface,D. Underwater polished surfaces, E. Crescent-shaped pits; F. Dish-shaped pits.
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图 6 典型网纹红土层石英颗粒表面特征出现频率
Figure 6. Frequency of quartz particles surface characteristics in typical vermicular red clay layer
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图 7 典型网纹红土层石英颗粒表面特征
A. 贝壳状断口，B. 三角型撞击坑，C. 断块，D. 麻坑，E. 碟型坑和麻坑叠加在水下磨光面之上，F. 撞击沟。
Figure 7. Surface characteristics of quartz particles in typical vermicular red clay layer
A. Conchoidal fractures, B. Triangular impact crater, C. Broken surface, D. Pockmark, E. Dish-shaped pits and pockmark are superimposed on the underwater polished surface; F. Deep trough.
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图 8 紫红色网纹红土层石英颗粒表面特征出现频率
Figure 8. Frequency of quartz particles surface characteristics in fuchsia vermicular red clay layer
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图 9 紫红色网纹红土层石英颗粒表面特征出现频率
A. 石英颗粒形态，B. 水下磨光面与撞击坑，C. 三角型撞击坑，D. 碟型坑，E. 平行解理，F. 麻坑。
Figure 9. Surface characteristics of quartz particles in fuchsia vermicular red clay layer
A. Surface textural of quartz grains, B. Underwater polished surfaces, deep trough, C. Triangular impact crater, D. Dish-shaped pits, E. Parallel cleavage surface,F. Pockmark.
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图 10 网纹化的下蜀黄土层石英颗粒表面特征出现频率
Figure 10. Frequency of quartz particles surface characteristics, the Xiashu Loess layer
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图 11 网纹化的下蜀黄土层石英颗粒表面特征
A. 平行解理和尖角，B. 圆状颗粒，C. 碟型坑，D. 麻坑，E. 水下磨光面，F. V型坑。
Figure 11. Surface characteristics of quartz particles in the Xiashu Loess layer
A. Parallel cleavage surface, sharp corner, B. Rounded,C. Dish-shaped pits,D. Pockmark,E. Underwater polished surfaces; F.V-shaped pits.
表 1 铜陵剖面石英粒度组成、粒度参数
Table 1 Quartz grain size composition and grain size parameters in Tongling section
层位描述 样品属性 粒度组成/% 粒度参数 ＜5 μm 5～10 μm 10～50 μm ＞50 μm 平均粒径Mz 偏度Sk 峰态Kg 分选系数Sd 层I 棕黄色网纹红土层 最大值 35.27 23.80 50.82 5.41 18.20 0.81 1.32 1.75 最小值 26.40 18.17 40.62 0.31 9.87 0.61 1.25 1.51 平均值 29.66 20.40 47.02 2.92 14.26 0.71 1.29 1.63 层II 典型网纹红土层 最大值 27.49 18.11 56.00 7.32 20.82 0.87 1.33 1.77 最小值 22.56 14.32 49.82 3.16 14.78 0.56 1.27 1.65 平均值 24.93 16.48 53.21 5.36 17.97 0.77 1.30 1.70 层III 紫红色网纹红土层 最大值 28.86 17.35 57.19 9.37 23.49 0.83 1.33 1.83 最小值 22.26 14.58 50.66 3.13 14.34 0.66 1.26 1.66 平均值 24.29 15.58 53.89 6.24 19.37 0.76 1.30 1.74 层IV 网纹化下蜀黄土层 最大值 25.39 15.37 60.37 13.22 24.48 0.95 1.32 1.84 最小值 19.43 12.38 52.93 4.48 16.66 0.72 1.29 1.64 平均值 22.75 13.99 55.71 7.55 20.22 0.84 1.30 1.73 
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表 2 铜陵剖面石英颗粒表面各特征统计
Table 2 Surface characteristics of quartz particles, Tongling section
层I 层II 层III 层IV 编号 形貌特征 粒数/颗 频率/% 粒数/颗 频率/% 粒数/颗 频率/% 粒数/颗 粒数/颗 1 棱角状 13 21 29 15 16 13 7 10 2 次棱角状 26 43 72 37 48 38 23 33 3 次圆状 22 36 93 47 60 47 37 53 4 圆状 0 0 3 2 4 3 3 4 5 阶梯状断口 6 10 16 8 11 8 1 1 6 贝壳状断口 7 11 32 16 28 22 6 8 7 碟型坑 9 15 40 20 58 45 24 33 8 新月型撞击坑 5 8 30 15 22 17 10 14 9 水下磨光面 31 51 90 46 49 38 26 36 10 三角型坑 8 13 44 22 11 8 6 8 11 V型坑 23 38 71 36 32 25 27 38 12 平行解理 4 7 17 9 19 15 11 15 13 撞击沟 1 2 8 4 7 5 1 1 14 解理破碎 1 2 3 2 5 4 0 0 15 解理面 1 2 1 1 8 6 6 8 16 裂纹 3 5 8 4 5 4 1 1 17 擦痕 2 3 9 5 8 6 6 8 18 麻坑 2 3 21 11 15 12 6 8
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