Sedimentary facies and environmental evolution of the Yangtze shoal, eastern China Sea shelf since Late Pleistocene: Evidence from core YZ05
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摘要: 2014年在东海陆架扬子浅滩水深41.5 m处钻获进尺80 m的YZ05孔，该孔沉积相方面的研究成果虽然已经发表过，但略显简单，结合新获得的有孔虫鉴定结果和指示海陆环境变化的Sr/Ba比值，仍有必要对沉积相进行更为精细的研究。根据沉积物颜色、粒度、沉积结构和构造、接触关系和所含化石，共识别出河道-边滩相（F1）、河漫滩相（F2）、泥质潮滩相（F3）、河口湾前缘相（F4）、潮流沙脊相（F5）、脊间潮道相（F6）、分流河道沙坝相（F7）、分流河道相（F8）、远端三角洲前缘相（F9）以及前三角洲相（F10）十种类型。通过相组合与相序列分析，并辅以选择性提取方法获得的可交换态Sr/Ba比值，识别出退积型的河口湾序列和进积型的三角洲序列，它们与冰后期长江三角洲具有相似的沉积层序。AMS14C测年和光释光测年数据指示YZ05孔属于晚更新世以来的沉积。扬子浅滩的物质基础是晚更新世的三角洲堆积体，在全新世早期海面快速上升背景下，堆积成潮流沙脊，改造后形成潮流沙席。Abstract: A 80 m long core, i.e. the Core YZ05, taking from the Yangtze shoal at the inner shelf of Eastern China Sea, is carefully studied by this paper. Although some preliminary results have been published before, it is still necessary to reexamine the interpretation concerning sedimentary facies and the previous models with the newly acquired information. Based on color, grain size, sedimentary texture and structure, contact relationship and fossils, the Late Pleistocene and Holocene succession of the core YZ05 can be classified into ten environmentally significant facies, which include fluvial channel-point bar (F1), overbank (F2), muddy tidal flat (F3), estuary front (F4), tidal sandy ridge (F5), inter-ridge channel(F6), distributary channel bar (F7), distributary channel (F8), distal delta front (F9) and prodelta (F10). Through the analysis of facies association and facies sequences, with the support of Sr/Ba ratios, a retrogradational estuary sequence and a progradational detaic sequence are recognized, which are similar to the post glacial sequences in the Yangtze River delta. AMS14C and OSL dating suggest that the deposits penetrated by Hole YZ05 are younger than Late Pleistocene. Then the Yangtze Shoal is sourced from the Late Pleistocene deltaic deposits reworked by tidal current.
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Keywords:
- sedimentary facies /
- ancient delta /
- ancient estuary /
- Sr/Ba ratio /
- the Yangtze shoal
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图 3 YZ05孔下部河道-边滩相（F1）、河漫滩相（F2）、泥质潮滩相（F3）和河口湾前缘相（F4）照片
深度单位为m。河道相由浅棕灰色含细砾中-粗砂构成，发育平行层理和交错层理，含泥质团块和泥砾；边滩相由浅灰色细砂组成，发育交错层理，夹泥质团块和泥砾；河漫滩相由浅灰色和浅棕灰色泥质沉积物构成，见毫米级的细纹层理，内含植物碎片和结核；河口湾前缘相由厚层的青灰色均质泥组成，单层厚5～30 cm，可能属于浮泥沉积，是波浪搅动海底泥质快速堆积形成。最右侧泥层表面的花纹是切割钻芯时留下的。
Figure 3. Photographs of selected samples of core YZ05 showing the sedimentary characteristics of fluvial channel-point bar （F1） and overbanking （F2）, muddy intertidal flat （F3） and estuary front （F4）
Depth in meter. The fluvial channel is composed of light brown pebbly medium to coarse sands, with muddy lumps and pebbles as well as parallel bedding and cross-bedding; The point bar is composed of light grey fine sand, with muddy lumps and pebbles as well as cross-bedding; The overbanking is composed of light grey and light brown muddy deposits with laminae in mm-scale, and plant debris and calcareous concretions; The estuary front is composed of thick and homogeneous greenish grey mud, with single bedding between 5 cm and 30 cm in thickness. This facies is probably resulted from fluid mud deposition, due to resuspension of mud induced by storm waves. The inclined strations on the most right core surface are an artifact of splitting the core.
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图 4 YZ05孔分流河道沙坝相（F7）、水上分流河道相（F8a）、水下分流河道相（F8b）、分流河道底部相（F8c）以及前三角洲相（F10）照片
深度单位为m。分流河道沙坝相（F7）由浅棕灰色交错层理或块状细砂-中砂质细砂组成，是整个三角洲序列中最粗的；水上分流河道相（F8a）由浅灰色-浅棕灰色夹黏土纹层的粉砂组成；水下分流河道相（F8b）由厚层的浅灰色砂层和浅灰棕色泥层间互组成，35.28 m见泥底辟构造；分流河道底部相（F8c）由浅灰色无结构的或含泥砾的砂质沉积物组成，常见撕裂的泥团、泥条和泥块；前三角洲相（F10）由发育沙纹层理的青灰色略带浅棕灰色的泥组成。钻芯52.15～52.26 m的两个空洞为光释光测年材料取样孔。
Figure 4. Core photographs showing the sedimentary characteristics of distributary channel bar （F7）, subaerial distributary channel （F8a）, subaqueous distributary channel （F8b）, distributary channel bottom （F8c）and prodelta facies （F10）
Depth in meter. The distributary channel bar （F7） is composed of light brown cross-bedded or texturally homogeneous fine to medium-grained sands, which makes up the coarsest part of deltaic succession; The subaerial distributary channel （F8a） is composed of light grey to brownish grey silt, with clayey laminae; The subaqueous distributary channel （F8b） is composed of interlayered light grey sand and brownish mud. A muddy diaper structure occurs at 35.28 m down-core depth; The distributary channel bottom （F8c） is composed of greyish massive sands or sands containing mud rip-up clasts; The prodelta facies （F10） is composed of laminated heterolithic greenish grey someplace brownish grey mud. Two holes between 52.15 m and 52.26 m were left by sampling of OSL datings.
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图 5 YZ05孔水下分流河道相（F8b）、分流河道底部相（F8d）、远端三角洲前缘（F9）、潮流沙脊相（F5）和脊间潮道相（F6）照片
深度单位为m。水下分流河道相（F8b）见图4说明，27.3 m见重荷构造，20.82 m见生物钻孔；分流河道底部相（F8d）由浅灰色略带浅棕灰色黏土包裹浅灰色粉砂团块组成，发育变形层理（19.6～19.7 m），19.7～20.0 m见粉砂团块；远端三角洲前缘相（F9）由薄的浅棕灰色砂泥互层和浮泥组成，纹层状砂泥互层代表潮汐期沉积，浮泥层发育变形层理，没有生物扰动，代表风暴期沉积；潮流沙脊相（F5）由浅灰色块状或压扁层理的细砂组成，也见交错层理（3.32 m处），砂体内部普遍发育侵蚀构造，常见贝壳碎片；脊间潮道相由浅棕灰色粉砂质黏土与浅灰色粉砂间互组成，发育水平纹层理。
Figure 5. Photographs from core YZ05 showing subaqueous distributary channel （F8b）, distributary channel bottom （F8d）, distal delta front （F9）, tidal sandy ridge （F5） and inter-ridge tidal channel （F6）
Depth in meter. See fig.4 for the explanation of subaqueous distributary channel （F8b）. A load structure occurs at 27.3 m down-core depth and a burrow is present at 20.82 m down-core depth; The distributary channel bottom （F8d） is composed of light grey clay containing silty lump （see 19.7～20.0 m） with contorted bedding （see 19.6～19.7 m）; The distal delta front （F9） is composed of thin sand/mud alternations containing fluid muds. The rhythmites indicate tidal influence and the fluid mud layers which contain deformed beddings but free of bioturbation show episodic wave influence; The tidal sandy ridge （F5） is composed of light grey massive/flaser bedding fine sands as well as cross-bedded fine sands （see 3.32 m depth）. Erosion surfaces and shell fragments are common; The inter-ridge tidal channel is composed of alternations of laminated brownish silty clay and light grey silt.
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图 6 晚更新世古三角洲沉积环境示意图及不同地貌部位的沉积相组合和序列
图中①位于三角洲平原部位，发育水上分流河道（F8a）、分流河道沙坝（F7）以及分流河道底部（F8c）沉积；②位于三角洲前缘（近端），发育水下分流河道（F8b），以及分流河道底部（F8c和F8d）沉积；③位于远端三角洲前缘，发育薄的砂泥互层与浮泥组成的远端三角洲前缘相（F9）沉积；④位于前三角洲区域，发育厚层非均质泥组成的前三角洲相（F10）沉积。
Figure 6. Environmental distribution of the Late Pleistocene superimposed paleo-deltas, showing the constituent elements’ facies groups and successions
① represents the typical succession in the deltaic plain, which is characterized by subaerial distributary channel deposits （F8a） and distributary channel bar （F7） as well as distributary channel floor deposits （F8c）; ② represents the typical proximal deltaic succession characterized by subaqueous distributary channel deposits （F8b） and distributary channel floor （F8c and F8d）; ③ represents distal deltaic front （F9）, characterized by rhythmic thin sand/mud alternations deposited during tidal influenced periods and fluid muds during storm wave influenced periods; ④ represents prodeltaic area, which is characterized by thick heterolithic muddy deposits （F10）.
表 1 YZ05钻孔AMS 14C 测年数据[17]
Table 1 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry（AMS）ages of organic sediments and shell samples from the core YZ05
Beta实验室编号 采样深度/m AMS14C惯常年龄/aBP 日历年龄/cal.aBP 测年材料 内插年龄 2σ年龄 416391 0.14 6980±30 7475 7425～7540 贝壳 423299 2.35 7700±30 8165 8115～8210 贝壳 59493 6.0 27377 29315 29167～29462 泥质沉积物 416392 7.17 7420±30 7905 7825～7940 贝壳 59494 12.09 30035±253 32140 31918～32361 泥质沉积物 59495 18.08 34210±420 36810 36328～37292 泥质沉积物 59582 24.08 34474±482 37066 36546～37585 泥质沉积物 59496 30.11 30364±264 32407 32169～32644 泥质沉积物 416393 35.86 ＞43500 — — 贝壳 416394 41.15 ＞43500 — — 贝壳 59230 50.36 ＞47000 — — 丽蚌碎片 
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表 2 YZ05钻孔不同沉积相单元中的Sr/Ba比值
Table 2 Sr/Ba ratio of sedimentary facies from core YZ05
沉积环境 沉积相单元 深度范围/m 样品数 平均 最大 最小 潮控陆架 潮流沙脊与脊间潮道 0～12.5 41 6.29 11.63 1.61 古三角洲I期 远端三角洲前缘 12.5～19.4 13 8.68 10.24 5.55 古三角洲II期 水下分流河道 19.4～39.0 27 7.62 12.64 3.13 远端三角洲前缘 39.0～40.5 60 8.86 10.10 5.77 古三角洲III期 水上分流河道 40.5～51.9 6 3.66 9.04 0.80 前三角洲 51.9～57.8 53 8.24 12.82 5.84 古河口湾 河口湾前缘 57.8～60.8 9 6.01 9.80 4.90 泥质潮滩 60.8～62.4 8 5.28 6.00 4.03 古河流 河漫滩 62.4～72.3 9 3.79 5.63 2.02 河道-边滩 72.3～80.2 34 1.69 3.22 0.73
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