Tectonic evolution of East Africa coast and comparison of hydrocarbon accumulation conditions in the north and south petroliferous basins
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摘要: 东非海岸主要含油气盆地属典型大陆裂谷层序和被动陆缘层序叠合的断坳型盆地，是在冈瓦纳大陆裂解及印度洋扩张的区域构造演化背景下形成的，均经历了卡鲁裂谷期、马达加斯加漂移期和被动大陆边缘期三期构造演化。但是，南、北盆地在构造及沉积演化特征及石油地质条件、油气分布上存在较大差异，北部盆地早期受特提斯洋海侵影响，沉积发育了侏罗系潟湖相盐岩、浅海相泥页岩，而南部盆地处于强烈火山作用区，二者油气富集规律存在差异，烃源岩、储盖组合由北向南年代逐渐变新，目前北部油气发现明显更为丰富。初步分析认为，构造环境不同使得烃源岩发育北富南贫，断裂及塑性岩体作用形成的通源断层和有利圈闭存在差异，导致了东非大陆边缘南、北部盆地油气成藏上的不同。Abstract: The major petroliferous basins along East African coast are the “rift depression type” basins filled by the superimposed rift depression sequence and passive continental margin sequence, with the breakup of the Gondwana and the opening up of the Neotethys. The tectonic evolution of these basins can be subdivided into three distinct pulses: Karoo intercontinental rifting, Madagascar drifting and the evolution of a passive continental margin. However, the basins in the south part differ significantly from that in the north in tectonic and sedimentary characteristics, petroleum geological conditions and hydrocarbon distribution patterns. During the transgression of the Tethys Ocean in Early Jurassic, the northern basins were prevailed by lagoonal salt rock and shallow marine shale, while the southern basins was suffered from intense volcanic eruption. The hydrocarbon accumulation is also very different in the two basins. For examples, the source-reservoir-cap assemblages become younger from north to south and the northern basins are much richer in oil and gas resources. The preliminary analysis suggests that the difference in tectonic environments control the development of source rocks, and the traps formed by fractures and plastic rocks.
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图 1 东非海岸主要含油气盆地分布示意图
Figure 1. Distribution of major petroliferous basins in East Africa coast
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图 4 东非海岸盆地生储组合
Figure 4. The source-reservoir assemblages of typical basins in East Africa coast
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